The pulsed magnetic stimulation was carried out with a Magpro 30+ stimulator with the Mag-Option (MagVenture, Skovlunde, Denmark—formerly Medtronic) and a parabolic coil type MMC-140, with the convex side being used. The stimulator generated biphasic symmetric pulses, with a duration of 280 μs, and a magnetic flux density of a maximal 4.5 Tesla. The stimulation protocol that was chosen from preliminary tests was performed with a stimulus intensity of 60% of the maximum stimulator output, corresponding to a current flux of 94 A/μs. The stimulation intensity was the same for each subject and was clearly visible above the motor threshold. The stimulation was carried out with bursts of 15 stimuli each, at 5 stimulations per second, and with 750 pulses in total. The interval between the trains was 3 s with 50 trains, and the stimulation lasted 5 min. The same procedure (coil positioning, stimulation, and the like) was conducted in the sham group, but without exposure to pulsed magnetic fields.
Magoption
Manufactured by MagVenture
Sourced in Denmark
The MagOption is a magnetic stimulation device designed for research and clinical applications. It generates strong and focused magnetic fields to induce electrical currents in the targeted area. The device's core function is to non-invasively stimulate neural tissue, providing a tool for researchers and clinicians to investigate and treat various neurological and psychiatric disorders.
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9 protocols using magoption
1
Pulsed Magnetic Stimulation Protocol for Neuromodulation
2
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Elicits Motor Evoked Potentials
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MEPs were elicited by magnetic stimulation over the left motor cortex using a 95 mm focal “butterfly-shaped” coil (D-B80) and a MagPro X100 with MagOption magnetic stimulator (both MagVenture A/S, Farum, Denmark). The optimal site of stimulation was detected by shifting the coil until the optimal position for eliciting MEPs with minimal stimulation intensity was found. Afterwards, the coil was mechanically fixed. The location was marked on the skull in order to check whether the coil moved during the experiment. For each participant, the resting motor threshold (RMT) was determined as the lowest stimulation intensity that elicited an MEP higher than 50 μV in SOL in three out of five trials (Kujirai et al., 1993 (link)). Stimulation intensity was then set to 1.2 RMT for the experiment. It should be noted that the SOL muscle was the target muscle and stimulation intensity was adjusted to elicit MEPs in this muscle. The SOL was selected because this muscle has to act against gravity and has to be activated in order to stabilize posture after perturbation. Furthermore, H-reflexes can be elicited for the SOL muscle so that changes in Ia afferent transmission could be monitored. However, as the resting threshold is usually much higher in the SOL compared with the TA, we also recorded MEPs in the non-target muscle TA.
3
Navigating Brain Mapping with nrTMS
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The nrTMS language mapping experiments were performed using two devices (investigational use approved by the Food and Drug Administration), namely the MagPro X100 magnetic stimulator with MagOption (MagVenture GmbH, Farum, Denmark) and Localite TMS Navigator (Localite GmbH, St. Augustin, Germany) equipped with an infrared tracking device (Polaris Spectra, Northern Digital Inc., Waterloo, Ontario, Canada). A figure-of-eight MagVenture coil (MCF-B65) with 75-mm diameter on one winding was used to deliver single and repetitive biphasic TMS pulses.
4
Navigated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Motor Threshold Assessment
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rMT was performed with an active/placebo figure-8 coil (A/P Cool-B65) and a MagPro X100 stimulator with MagOption (MagVenture, Denmark), while the coil position was continually monitored through a stereotaxic neuronavigation system (Brainsight, Rogue Research, Canada). To define rMT, electrodes (Neuroline 720, Ambu, Columbia, MD, USA) were placed on the right first dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscle in a belly–tendon montage and motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were recorded through the neuronavigation system. The motor “hot spot” was defined as the position over the left motor cortex that elicited the greatest MEP in the right FDI. rMT was then defined as the TMS pulse intensity producing 50 μV peak-to-peak MEP amplitude, using a maximum likelihood estimator. (TMS Motor Threshold Assessment Tool, MTAT 2.0, [29 ]).
5
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Soleus Muscle
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A butterfly coil (D-B80, MagVenture A/S, Farum, Denmark; Ø 95 mm, 120° angle) connected to a transcranial magnetic stimulator (MagPro X100 with MagOption, MagVenture A/S, Farum, Denmark) was used. Biphasic waveform pulses were applied 65 ms before perturbation onset to elicit MEPs in the right SOL. The coil was oriented with the handle backward and was moved systematically over the left motor cortex to identify the hotspot for the right SOL. At this position, the coil was fixed to the head with a custom-built helmet which allowed the participants to stand freely. The helmet inclusive coil was fixed to the ceiling by an elastic cord to reduce the weight on participants' head. A posterior-anterior current flow in the interhemispheric fissure was induced with TMS. Motor threshold was identified as the lowest stimulation intensity that elicited an MEP of 50 µV in at least three of five consecutive trials during upright stance. 120% of MT was used for the control MEPs (single pulses). Double-pulse stimulation with a time interval of 2.5 ms between pulses was applied to identify SICI. The first pulse was set at 80% and the second pulse at 120% of the motor threshold. Intensities for single and double pulses were kept constant throughout the experiment.
6
Transcranial Pelvic Magnetic Stimulation Protocol
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TPMS was administered via the Magventure MagPro R30 with MagOption (Magventure, Alpharetta, GA, USA) using the rat coil. TPMS parameters were: 30 pulses per second, 241 pulses per train, 1 train, 4.0 seconds intervals between trains, 1.00 ramp up, and 10 ramp-up trains. Five minutes of rest were given between each wave of TPMS. After the last wave of TPMS, perfusion was measured for 3 more minutes. Each rat was anesthetized, and a baseline MVP was recorded using LSCI. After acquiring a baseline for MVP for 4 minutes, the PeriCam continuously recorded MVP as TPMS of 13%, 15%, and 17% amplitude were administered. After the trials were completed, four more Sprague-Dawley control rats were used to show a dosed response to different amplitudes of TPMS: 13%, 15%, and 17% amplitude. The rats were anesthetized, laid in the custom-made rat restrainer as shown in Fig. 1 and the pelvic region was subjected to MS and a baseline perfusion using LSCI was obtained. After 4 minutes, the first TPMS was administered (13%), and 5 minutes were given between each subsequent round of TPMS.
7
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Protocol
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A MagPro X100 stimulator together with MagOption (MagVenture A/S) and an active-cooled figure-of-eight coil (Cool-B65 A/P; MagVenture A/S) was used for magnetic stimulations. Biphasic pulses with an induced current flow in anterior-posterior to posterior-anterior direction were used for all magnetic stimulations. For motor hotspot identification, the electrode C3 (10–20 system; Klem et al., 1999 (link)) was used as a starting point with the coil oriented approximately 45° to the sagittal midline with its handle pointing backwards. The subjects’ motor hotspot was defined as the point where single TMS pulses evoked stable MEPs with high amplitude. Once the individual motor hotspot was identified, the coil was fixated in this position with a specific coil holder and subjects’ RMT of the left motor cortex was determined with mounted EEG cap in accordance to the method proposed by Rossini et al. (2015) (link) - the lowest stimulation intensity needed to elicit MEPs of >50 μV peak-to-peak amplitude in 50% of applied TMS pulses. MEPs were derived via EMG recordings of the first dorsal interosseous muscle (FDI) of the right hand (see section Electrophysiology). For rTMS, 1000 pulses were administered at a frequency of 1 Hz (110% RMT) over the individual motor hotspot of the left hemisphere.
8
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of Motor Cortex
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The left motor cortex was stimulated using a 95-mm focal "butterfly-shaped" coil (D-B80) and a MagPro X100 with MagOption magnetic stimulator (both MagVenture A/S, Farum, Denmark) to evoke MEPs in the right SOL. As the threshold at rest is lower for the TA than for the SOL, the current setup allowed the recording of MEPs in TA, too. Single pulses with a biphasic waveform were applied. The coil was initially positioned approximately 0.5 cm anterior to the vertex and over the midline. It was then moved anterior and to the left while MEP sizes of the SOL were monitored to determine the optimal position for eliciting MEPs with minimal intensity. In this position the coil was mechanically fixed. To ensure a constant coil position throughout the experiment, the coil position relative to the head was controlled by an imagebased navigation system (LOCALITE TMS Navigator, LOCALITE GmbH, Sankt Augustin, Germany). The resting motor threshold (RMT) was determined for each subject to be the lowest stimulation intensity that elicited an MEP larger than 50 μV in SOL in three out of five trials (Kujirai et al., 1993 27 ). The RMT was 56 ± 14% of maximal stimulator output. During the experiment, stimulation intensity was set to 1.2 RMT.
9
Neuronavigated rTMS Over dlPFC
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