Antibiotics penicillin streptomycin

Vitamin D was purchased from Selleck Chemicals (Houston, TX, USA) and dexamethasone and hydroxychloroquine from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Stock solutions of drugs were prepared by dissolving in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). RPMI 1640 medium, Iscove’s Modified Dulbecco’s Medium (IMDM), and antibiotics (penicillin + streptomycin) were purchased from Lonza (Verviers, Belgium), fetal calf serum (FCS) from Gibco, Life Technologies (Paisley, UK), alpha-thioglycerol from Sigma-Aldrich, and amphotericin B from PAN Biotech (Aidenbach, Germany). Recombinant human stem cell factor (SCF) was obtained from Peprotech (Cranbury, NJ, USA). Collagenase type II was purchased from Merk (Darmstadt, Germany) or Stemcell Technologies (Vancouver, BC, Canada). A specification of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) used in this study is shown in Supplementary Table S1. Fc-blocking reagent was obtained from Militenyi Biotec (Bergisch Gladbach, Germany).

RPMI 1640 media and fetal bovine serum (S001-01) were purchased from Wellgene (Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbukdo, Korea). Trypsin-Versene (EDTA) and antibiotics (penicillin–streptomycin) were from Lonza (Basel, Switzerland). Recombinant human EGF (PHG0311) was from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA, USA). Thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide for MTT assays was purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). Pro-prep lysis buffer for protein extraction was obtained from iNtRON Biotechnology (17081, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea). Western blot reagents, including 30% acrylamide/bis-acrylamide solution, Tris–HCl (pH 6.8), Tris–HCl (pH 8.8), ammonium persulfate, and 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), were from Bio-Rad (Hercules, CA, USA). Mouse anti-CD29 and cytosolic anti-integrin β1 antibodies were purchased from BD Biosciences (San Jose, CA, USA) and Abcam, (Cambridge, UK), respectively. Anti-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH, D16H11, rabbit), anti β-actin (13E5, rabbit), and anti Rab25 (D4P6P, rabbit) antibodies were from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA). All antibodies were diluted 1:1000, except for those against GAPDH and β-actin, which were used at 1:2000. Anti-mouse and anti-rabbit IgG horse radish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated secondary antibodies were manufactured by Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Dallas, TX, USA).