Endovision telecam sl

Anatomical dissections were performed at the Laboratory of Skull Base and Micro-neurosurgery in the Weill Cornell Neurosurgical Innovations and Training Center, New York, USA, and EBRIS Laboratory of Neuroanatomy, Salerno, Italy. Eight adult cadaveric specimens (10 sides), embalmed and injected with red and blue latex for the arteriosus and venous blood vessels, respectively, were adequately secured in a rigid three-pin fixation and underwent endoscopic transorbital approach bilaterally, first, and extended endoscopic endonasal transclival approach, then, for a total of 24 surgical procedures (8 EEEA, 16 SETOA). After the initial step under macroscopic visualization, SETOA was performed with a 4 mm in diameter and 18 cm in length, rigid endoscope as optical device, with 0° and 30° rod lenses (Karl Storz, Tuttlingen, Germany), connected to a light source (300 W Xenon, Karl Storz) through a fiberoptic cable and to an HD camera (Endovision Telecam SL; Karl Storz). The entire endonasal transclival approach was a purely endoscopic procedure.
A high-resolution CT scan was performed in 3 head specimens before the dissections and data were uploaded into a neuronavigation system (Brainlab cranial navigation system). Quantitative analysis of the accessible surface area of the anterolateral triangle exposed through each approach was calculated.

Anatomical dissections were performed at the Laboratory of Skull Base and Micro-neurosurgery of the Weill Cornell Neurosurgical Innovations and Training Center, New York, USA. Five adult cadaveric specimens (10 sides), embalmed and injected with red and blue latex for the arteriosus and venous blood vessels, respectively, were dissected. The fronto-temporo-orbito-zygomatic (FTOZ) approach was performed under microscopic visualization (OPMI, Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany), whereas the extended endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal-transethmoidal (EEEA) was performed with a rigid endoscope of 4 mm diameter, 18 cm in length, with 0° and 30° rod lenses as optical devices (Karl Storz, Tuttlingen, Germany); finally, the SETOA, after the initial step under macroscopic visualization, proceeded under endoscopic visualization. The endoscope was connected to a light source (300 W Xenon, Karl Storz) through a fiber-optic cable and to an HD camera (Endovision Telecam SL; Karl Storz).
We adopted the intracranial classification systems (C1–C7) proposed by Bouthillier et al. [25 (link)] and by Labib et al. [26 (link)] for the description of the anatomical course of the ICA during FTOZ/SETOA and EEEA, respectively, and the well-known division in triangles of the cavernous sinus [15 (link)] was used as a reference to depict the areas of exposure.

Ethical approval was obtained from the IRB of the University of Barcelona (Barcelona, Spain). All the dissections were performed at the Laboratory of Surgical NeuroAnatomy (LSNA) at the University of Barcelona. Five human specimens (10 sides) fixated with Cambridge solution were used, none of which had previously known neurological diseases. All specimens underwent a basal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), with T1, T2, and diffusion-weighted (DTI) sequences, and a computed tomography (CT) scan, with 0.5 mm axial slices and 0° gantry angle. Six screws were implanted before CT scanning and used as fiducials for neuro-navigation (Brainlab, Germany).
Procedures were performed with a 4-mm diameter rigid endoscope, 18-cm long, 0° optics (Karl Storz), connected to a light source through a fiber-optic cable (300WXenon, Karl Storz). A HD 4 K camera was used (Endovision Telecam SL; Karl Storz).