Actigard

Manufactured by Syngenta

Sourced in United States

Actigard is a plant-based laboratory equipment designed to evaluate and measure the effectiveness of various agricultural products. It is a non-biased and objective tool used for analytical and research purposes.

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Lab products found in correlation

Diphenyleneiodonium chloride dpi, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Salicylhydroxamic acid sham, by Merck Group (1 mentions)

8 protocols using actigard

Rhododendron Resistance to Phytophthora ramorum

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The rhododendron hybrid selected for this study was Rhododendron "Cunningham's White". The woody ornamental is a semi-dwarf, evergreen shrub with waxy leaf cuticles, and is a primary host for P. ramorum. Plant size ranged from 40 to 65 cm in height with total leaf counts ranging from 20 to 60 leaves per plant. The leaf size ranged from 5 cm to 10 cm. One hundred, one-year old plants were purchased in November 2014 in number one trade pots which were transferred to number two trade pots in March 2015. The rhododendrons were randomized based on size, labeled, and sorted by their P. ramorum inoculation status. The three inoculation treatments were: 1) 33 plants inoculated nine days before chemical treatments (IB), 2) 33 plants inoculated nine days after chemical treatments (IA), and 3) 34 plants that were non-inoculated, but received chemical treatments (NI).
The chemical treatments included the two oxidant disinfectants: ElectroBiocide and OxiDate 2.0. ElectroBiocide was applied at 0, 200, 400, and 600 mg/L, and OxiDate 2.0 were applied at 10,000 mg/L. The third chemical was Actigard (Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC, Greensboro, NC USA) that was applied at 62 mg/L. In the first two weeks of April the chemical inducers and P. ramorum inoculation treatments were completed.

Ramsey C.L., Freebury P.C., Newman D.H., Schweigkofler W., Cseke L.J., & Newman S.E. (2022). Use of Foliar Chemical Treatments to Induce Disease Resistance in Rhododendrons Inoculated with Phytophthora ramorum. Global Journal of Agricultural Innovation Research & Development, 8, 1-22.

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Actigard and A. pullulans CG163 treatment for Psa

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Actigard (Acibenzolar-S-Methyl, Syngenta, Auckland, New Zealand) was prepared in de-ionised water at a concentration of 0.2 g/L and applied as a root treatment (10 mL per plant) or as a spray to just before run-off (spray treatments were only used in the nanostring experiment). A. pullulans strain CG163 (CBS Accession #141880) was supplied as a water dispersible granule that was originally sourced from fermentations in 10-L vessels and then formulated into granules at a concentration of 1 × 10¹⁰ colony forming units (CFU)/g, and stored in a refrigerator at 4 °C until required. CG163 suspensions were prepared in de-ionised water at a concentration of 2 × 10⁷ CFU/mL and applied as a light spray until just before run-off. Treatments were applied seven days before Psa inoculation in the nanostring experiment and seven and one day before pathogen inoculation in the other experiments, unless mentioned otherwise. Spray treatments were performed using a 500-mL hand-operated trigger mist sprayer. All plants were moved into glasshouses immediately after the 2nd treatment application and placed into high-humidity tents (200 × 120 × 82 cm).

de Jong H., Reglinski T., Elmer P.A., Wurms K., Vanneste J.L., Guo L.F, & Alavi M. (2019). Integrated Use of Aureobasidium pullulans Strain CG163 and Acibenzolar-S-Methyl for Management of Bacterial Canker in Kiwifruit. Plants, 8(8), 287.

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Abiotic Stress Induction Assay

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Five-week old, greenhouse grown plants were sprayed with a 10 mM solution of Actigard (Syngenta) with 0.05% Tween 20 until leaves were coated evenly with droplets of solution. Wounding treatment was given to fully expanded leaves on five-week old plants by repeated puncturing with a needle along a 3–4 cm segment. For both assays, leaves were harvested into liquid nitrogen at the times indicated.

Harkenrider M., Sharma R., De Vleesschauwer D., Tsao L., Zhang X., Chern M., Canlas P., Zuo S, & Ronald P.C. (2016). Overexpression of Rice Wall-Associated Kinase 25 (OsWAK25) Alters Resistance to Bacterial and Fungal Pathogens. PLoS ONE, 11(1), e0147310.

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Foliar Application of BTH and DEX

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BTH was applied to rice leaves in a greenhouse in the form of a foliar spray at a concentration of 1 mM in the form of Actigard (Syngenta). DEX was dissolved in DMSO and diluted to 100 μM in 0.05% Tween 20 and applied by foliar spray.

Chern M., Xu Q., Bart R.S., Bai W., Ruan D., Sze-To W.H., Canlas P.E., Jain R., Chen X, & Ronald P.C. (2016). A Genetic Screen Identifies a Requirement for Cysteine-Rich–Receptor-Like Kinases in Rice NH1 (OsNPR1)-Mediated Immunity. PLoS Genetics, 12(5), e1006049.

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Investigating Actigard-Induced Rust Resistance

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BTH experiments were performed three separate times in early February, late February, and early March of 2019. Each time, two primary leaves from 10, 7-day-old P. vulgaris variety Black Valentine were sprayed with a liquid suspension of Actigard (Syngenta) at 300 mg per liter + 0.002% Tween-20 (0.7 mM BTH). A separate set of plants was sprayed with water + 0.002% Tween-20. Seventy-two hours later, six of the primary leaves were collected and frozen. The remaining 14 primary leaves on 10 plants were sprayed with a liquid suspension of uredospores of Uromyces appendiculatus race 41 + 0.025% b-ionone or 0.01% Tween-20, were placed in an 18°C dew chamber for 12 h, and were then moved to indoor growth carts with fluorescent lighting (Lee et al. 2009) . At 10 days postinoculation, rust pustules were counted in multiple 1-cm 2 leaf areas. This average number was multiplied by leaf area to obtain an estimate of the total number of pustules. A separate set of beans was sprayed with 4.8 mM SA (MP Biomedicals, Solon, OH, U.S.A.) + 0.002% Tween-20 or water + Tween-20 and were challenged as above.

Cooper B., Beard H.S., Garrett W.M, & Campbell K.B. (2020). Benzothiadiazole Conditions the Bean Proteome for Immunity to Bean Rust. Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI, 33(4).

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ASM-Mediated Defense in Japanese Radish

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Japanese radish (Raphanus sativus var. longipinnatus) cv. Natsutsukasa plants were used for all experiments. Seedlings were grown in 9 cm pots at 24°C with a light intensity of 200 μmol/(m²s) and 16 h light/8 h dark in a growth chamber or were maintained in the greenhouse under a natural photoperiod at 21.2 ± 2.4°C. ASM (marketed as ACTIGARD®) was supplied courtesy of Syngenta as a 50% (a.i.) water-dispersible granular formulation and dissolved in water. To evaluate the effect of ASM on plant defense, Japanese radish fourth leaves were treated with ASM (100 ppm) by dip-treatment at 3 weeks after sowing or when fifth true leaves were unfolded. Salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM) and diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, United States). Plants were treated with ASM 4 h, 1 day, and 1 week before Pcal inoculation (Supplementary Figure 1). Plants were dip-treated with water or mock-inoculated with water as controls.

Sakata N., Ishiga T., Taniguchi S, & Ishiga Y. (2020). Acibenzolar-S-Methyl Activates Stomatal-Based Defense Systemically in Japanese Radish. Frontiers in Plant Science, 11, 565745.

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Optimizing Actigard Dosage for Melon Plants

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For all experiments, plants were treated with a foliar spray of 20 mL of 25 ppm (25 mg/L) Actigard (Syngenta, Greensboro, NC, USA) at the one true leaf stage, approximately 1.5 weeks after sowing and one to three days after transplanting and moving to the greenhouse. This dose was selected based on Takeshita et al. [21 (link)] and preliminary experiments testing various concentrations for phytotoxic effects. Control plants were treated with a foliar spray of 20 mL of distilled water. After observing a slight reduction in aboveground biomass in plants treated with 20 mL 25 ppm ASM in the greenhouse, we decided to test an additional dosage, 20 mL of 12.5 ppm ASM solution, for our field experiment measuring effects of ASM on melon plant fruit production.

Kenney J.R., Grandmont M.E, & Mauck K.E. (2020). Priming Melon Defenses with Acibenzolar-S-methyl Attenuates Infections by Phylogenetically Distinct Viruses and Diminishes Vector Preferences for Infected Hosts. Viruses, 12(3), 257.

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Evaluating NAD+ as a Citrus Pathogen Inhibitor

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NAD⁺ sodium salt (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, United States) was dissolved in water and pH was adjusted to 6.0 using 0.1 M NaOH. For soil drenches, 7 days in advance of Xcc inoculation when seedlings reached 50 to 75% expanded flush, 250 mL NAD⁺ solution (1, 5, or 10 mM) per potted seedling were applied. For infiltration, 1 day in advance of Xcc inoculation leaves were infiltrated with various concentrations of NAD⁺ (0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 5, and 10 mM) using a needleless tuberculin syringe (1.0 mL) as previously described (Graham and Leite, 2004 (link)). For the positive control, Actigard (Syngenta, Greensboro, NC, United States) was dissolved in water (2 g/L) and 250 mL of the resulting solution was applied to each potted citrus seedling by soil drenching.

Alferez F.M., Gerberich K.M., Li J.L., Zhang Y., Graham J.H, & Mou Z. (2018). Exogenous Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Induces Resistance to Citrus Canker in Citrus. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9, 1472.

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