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3 protocols using paraformaldehyde p6148

1

Biopolymer-based Nanoparticle Fabrication

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For the elaboration of NP, we used poly-ε-caprolactone (Mn 14,000 g/mol), poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) (Mn 30,000-60,000 g/mol), Mowiol 4-88 (Polyvinyl alcohol 4-88), and D-(+)-trehalose dihydrate, which were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich® (Merck KGaA, Dramstadt, Germany), whereas ethyl acetate was purchased from Spectrum® (Spectrum Laboratory Products, NJ, USA). Mannitol was obtained from Central de Drogas, S.A. de C.V. (Mexico City, Mexico). For biological tests, we utilized Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM), penicillin-streptomycin, trypsin-EDTA, PBS 1X, and sodium pyruvate, which were obtained from Gibco®/Life Technologies (ThermoFisher Scientific, MA, USA); fetal bovine serum (FBS) was supplied by Biowest® (Nuaillé, France), trypan blue and paraformaldehyde P6148 were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich® (Merck KGaA, Dramstadt, Germany), and the Cell Proliferation Kit I (MTT) was purchased from Roche® (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany).
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2

Antibody-Based Protein Detection Protocol

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Aspartame was obtained from Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA. All major chemicals were obtained from Himedia Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India. All other chemicals were of analytical grade and obtained from Sisco Research Laboratory, Bombay, India. Anti-Goat IgG HRP conjugated (HAF017) and Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG (111-035-003) antibodies were purchased from Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories, PA, USA. Super Signal West Femto (34095) was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA. Alexa Fluor 488 Goat Anti-Mouse IgG (A11001), Alexa Fluor 594 Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG (A11012), and Alexa Fluor 488 Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG (A11008) were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA. 10X Tris/Glycine buffer (161–0771), 10X Tris/Glycine/SDS buffer (161–0772), 2X Laemmli sample buffer (161–0737), and Protein Ladder (26616) were purchased from BioRad, CA, USA. Anti- FOXO3a Polyclonal Antibody (PA5-27145), anti-SIRT1 Antibody (MA5-15677), and Anti-Actin Antibody (MA1-744) were purchased from Invitrogen and Thermo Fisher Scientific Waltham, MA, USA. Protease inhibitor (04,693,124 001), Fluorescence mounting media (S3023), 2-Mercaptoethanol (M6250), Phosphate buffered saline (P5368), and Paraformaldehyde (P6148) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich St. Louis, MO, USA.
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3

Quantifying Pancreatic β-Cell Mass

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Insulin immunohistochemistry staining was performed on pancreas sections to determine β cell mass as previously described (Shrestha et al., 2020 (link); Talchai et al., 2012 (link); Xuan et al., 2010 (link)). In brief, pancreata from Chow, HFD, and HFD-Chow groups (5–7 mice/group) were dissected, cleared of fat, weighed, fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde (P6148; Sigma-Aldrich) overnight at 4°C. The tissues were embedded in paraffin, and consecutively sectioned with 3-μm thickness. Five sections at least 160 μm apart were subjected to insulin immunohistochemistry staining and scanned using the Olympus-VS200 scanner for each pancreas. Total insulin positive area and total pancreas area on each section were measured by the cellSens software (Olympus). The β cell mass was obtained through multiplying the pancreas weight by the ratio of insulin-positive area/pancreas area.
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