Isopropyl alcohol

The ³H was used to label TLYS (non-positioning label; radiochemical purity >95%), and the ¹⁴C was used to label tetra-PEG-SS (positioning label of ¹⁴C succinic anhydride (2,3-¹⁴C); radiochemical purity >95%). Both were obtained from the Isotope Institute of China Institute of Atomic Energy (IICIAE; Beijing, China). Tetra-PEG-SS (10K Da), and TLYS were obtained from Beijing Nuokangda Pharma Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). Pentobarbital sodium was purchased from Skillsmodel Biotechnology (Beijing, China) Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). Potassium dihydrogen phosphate and sodium hydroxide were purchased from Tianjin Guangfu Technology Development Co., Ltd. (Tianjin, China). Isopropyl alcohol was purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Benzylpenicillin sodium for injection was purchased from Youcare Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). Saline was purchased from Shijiazhuang Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd. (Shijiazhuang, China).

Cesium bromide (CsBr, 99.999%), lead bromide (PbBr₂, 99.999%), oleic acid (OA, 90%), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, 99.5%), chlorobenzene (CB, 99.5%), and polyethyleneimine (PEI) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Oleylamine (OLA, 80-90%), methyl acetate (99%), and N-butanol (99.8%) were obtained from Aladdin. Hydrobromic acid (40 wt% in H₂O) was purchased from Tianjin Chemical Industry. 4-Dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (DBSA, 95%) was purchased from Shanghai Acmec Biochemical Co., Ltd. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), poly(4-butylphenyl-diphenyl-amine) (Poly-TPD), 1,3,5-tris(1-phenyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)benzene (TPBi), and 2,4,6-Tris[3-(diphenylphosphinyl)phenyl]-1,3,5-triazine (POT2T) were purchased from Xi’an Polymer Light Technology Corp. Hexane, ethanol, dichloromethane, isopropyl alcohol, toluene, and acetone were obtained from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd.

Chitosan with the molecular weight of 200 k Da and the deacetylation degree of 85% was obtained from Qingdao Baicheng Biochemical Corp. (Qingdao, China). β-cyclodextrin (CD) with 1.1k Da MW and 95% purity was purchased from Bidepharm (Shanghai, China). Doxorubicin hydrochloride and FA were purchased from Aladdin Industrial Corp. (Shanghai, China). The chemical reagents including absolute ethyl alcohol acetone, and isopropyl alcohol were obtained from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). The materials, including hydrochloric acid (HCl), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), chloroacetic acid, 2, 3-epoxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (ETA), and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Corp. (Shanghai, China). Human tumor cell lines (BGC-823, MCF-7, HEPG-2, and A549) and fibroblasts (L929) were provided by Luye Pharma Group (Yantai, China). All the above chemical solvents and reagents used in this study were analytical grades.

Graphite powder was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Indium nitrate (In(NO₃)₃·xH₂O, 99.9%) and 2-Aminoterephthalic acid (H₂ATA, H₂NC₆H₃-1,4-(CO₂H)₂, 98%), palladium(ii) chloride (PdCl₂, 60%) were purchased from Shanghai Macklin Co. Ltd., lead nitrate (Pb(NO₃)₂, 99%), silver nitrate (AgNO₃, 99.8%), sodium borohydride (NaBH₄, 98%), concentrated sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄, 98%), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂, 30%), hydrochloric acid (HCl, 37.0%), potassium permanganate (KMnO₄, 99%), sodium nitrate (NaNO₃, 99%), potassium hydroxide (KOH, 85%), ethanol (CH₃CH₂OH, 99.7%), ethylene glycol (EG, 99.5%), isopropyl alcohol (CH₃CHOHCH₃, 99.7%), N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF, 99.5%) were purchased from Sinopharm chemical reagent Co. Ltd. Nafion (5%) was purchased from Aladdin. All reagents were analytical pure (AR) and directly used in this experiment.

Keggin-type phosphomolybdic acid H₃PMo₁₂O₄₀^.xH₂O (PMo₁₂), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), cesium carbonate (Cs₂CO₃), Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP K30, average Mw: 300 000) were obtained from Alfa Aesar. Cyt-C (30398, 95%), Hb (H2625, 95%), BSA (A3311, 95%) proteins, and ammonium hydrogen carbonate (NH₄HCO₃) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) and used without further purification. Sodium citrate, citric acid, acetonitrile, isopropyl alcohol, acetone, ethyl alcohol, and guanidine hydrochloride were acquired from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent (Shanghai, China). Radio immunoprecipitation assay lysis buffer (RIPA) was purchased form Beyotime technology. Macro spin column TARGA C18 was purchased from The Nest Group, Protein LoBind tubes and ultrafiltration tubes (10 kDa) were purchased from Eppendorf. DL-dithiothreitol (DTT) and iodoacetamide (IAA) were supplied by Acros Organics. Sequencing grade modified trypsin (Promega), formic acid (FA), acetonitrile (ACN), methanol, acetic acid, and Pierce BCA protein assay kit were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific. Deionized water (ρ = 18 MΏ cm, 25 °C) was obtained from a Millipore Milli-Q water purification system.

Chitosan with a degree of deacetylation of 90% (Mw = 50 k Da,) was purchased from Golden-Shell Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Zhejiang, China). The 2-Benzimidazolecarboxylic acid (BIM), isopropyl alcohol, sodium hydroxide, 2,3-epoxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride (EPTAC), sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl aminomethane (Tris), reduced coenzyme I (NADH I), hydrochloric acid, phenazine methosulfate (PMS), and nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). The 2% rabbit erythrocyte suspension (Sbjbio, Nanjing, China). The mouse fibroblast cell line (L929), human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cell line (A549), and human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) were provided by the Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. All the reagents were analytical grade and used without further purification.