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Dichlorophenolindophenol

Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in India

Dichlorophenolindophenol is a chemical compound used as a redox indicator in various laboratory applications. It is a blue-colored dye that changes color in response to changes in oxidation-reduction (redox) conditions. The core function of dichlorophenolindophenol is to act as a sensitive indicator for the detection and measurement of reducing agents or oxidizing agents in chemical reactions and analyses.

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8 protocols using dichlorophenolindophenol

1

Antioxidant Capacity Evaluation Protocol

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Metaphosphoric acid, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH),NaOH, nitroblue tetrazolium, dichlorophenol-indophenol (DCPID),2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) di-ammoniumsalt (ABTS•+), 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchromane-2-carboxyl acid(Trolox), phenazine methosulphate, ethanol, gallic acid, ethylenediaminetetraaceticacid (EDTA), ferrozine, 2,4,6-tris(2-piridil)-s-triazina(TPTZ) and iron sulphate heptahydrate were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Acetonitrile and acetic acid were HPLC-grade and were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). All the phenolic standards were obtained from Extra Syntheses (Genay, France). Solvents and reagents for carotenoid detection were purchasedfrom Panreac (Barcelona, Spain). Other chemicals were of analyticalgrade purchased from Carlo Erba Reagents s.r.l. (Cornaredo, MI, Italy).
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2

Antioxidant and Cytotoxicity Evaluation

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Bovine serum albumin (BSA), reduced glutathione (GSH), ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), xanthine, poly L-lysine, glucose-6-phosphate, dichlorophenolindophenol (DCPIP), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate reduced (NADPH), glutathione reductase, 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB), 5,5′-dithio-bis-[2nitrobenzoic acid] (DTNB), thiobarbituric acid (TBA), folin ciocalteau reagent (FCR), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidized (NADP), flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and myricetin were purchased from Sigma (Sigma Chemical Co., St Louis, MO). Sodium dihydrogen phosphate, sodium potassium tartrate, pyrogallol, sodium hydroxide, and di-sodium hydrogen phosphate were obtained from E. Merck Limited, India. Cisplatin was procured from Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories, India.
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3

Electrochemical Biosensor Development

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Glassy carbon electrodes
(GCE, 3 mm diameter) were purchased from CH Instruments. Dichlorophenolindophenol
(DCPIP), dopamine, uric acid, thionine acetate, and d-glucose
were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Dimethylformamide (DMF) was purchased
from Bio-Lab. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were purchased
from NanoIntegris (MWCNTs, 99 wt %, <20 nm. OD). 2,3-Dichloro-naphthoquinone
(DCNQ) 98% was purchased from Acros Organics. Acetaminophen was obtained
via crushing a 500 mg commercial paracetamol tablet (Teva Pharmaceuticals,
Israel). Bilirubin oxidase (BOD) from Myrothecium verrucaria, and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)
(ABTS) were purchased from SIGMA Life Science. Ascorbic acid was purchased
from Thermo Fischer. All chemicals and reagents were used without
further purification.
All graphs were prepared using Origin
software (OriginLab). Electrochemical measurements were executed with
a BioLogic SP-200 potentiostat, supported by EC-Lab software (BioLogic,
France). Protein purification was performed using AKTA GO FPLC (Cytiva)
equipped with a Superdex 200 column (Cytiva).
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4

Antioxidant Capacity Determination

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Folin–Ciocalteu and Gallic acid were purchased from Sigma‐Aldrich; dichlorophenolindophenol (DCPIP) (purity 99.7%), HCl (purity 36.5%), and Na2CO3 (purity 99.5%) from China; maltodextrin (D12) and arabic gum were purchased from Alland & Robert; eggs, milk, and fat powder were purchased from Co.op Mart supermarket.
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5

Citrinin-Induced Oxidative Stress Assay

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Citrinin, pelargonidin chloride, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT), 2′,7′-Dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH2-DA), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), minimum modified Eagle’s medium (MEM), hoechst 33342, propidium iodide (PI), ethidium bromide, dichlorophenol indophenol, flavin adenine dinucleotide, dicumarol, protease inhibitor cocktail, fluoroshield, RIPA buffer were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, United States. JC-1 (5,5′,6,6′-tetrachloro-1,1′,3,3′-tetraethyl benzimidazolyl carbocyanine iodide) and fetal bovine serum (Hyclone) was from Invitrogen, United States.
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6

Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain Assays

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Bovine serum albumin (BSA), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), cytochrome c, dichlorophenol indophenol (DCPIP), decylubiquinol, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), phenazinemethosulfate (PMS), NADPH, NADH, trichloroaceticacid (TCA), sodium succinate were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Mumbai, India). Sucrose was procured from Qualigens (Mumbai, India). Rallis India Limited, Bangalore, India, kindly provided Imidacloprid. All other chemicals used were commercial products and of analytical grade of the highest purity available.
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7

Determination of Phytochemical Content and Antioxidant Activity

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Methanol, acetonitrile (HPLC grade), formic acid, sodium acetate, acetic acid, ethyl acetate, n-hexane, sodium carbonate (anhydrous), dichlorophenolindophenol, chloroform, 96% ethanol, 1-propanol, 4-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde (DMACA), hydrochloric acid (p.a.), sulfuric acid (p.a.), nitric acid (p.a.), and potassium chloride were obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Toluen was purchased from Carlo Erba (Chaussée du Vexin, France).
Acetone, trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-chroman-2-carboxylic acid), ascorbic acid, paraffin oil, Folin–Ciocalteu’s phenol reagent, 2,2-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), aluminum chloride hexahydrate, sodium nitrite, sodium chlorite, potassium persulfate, 2-aminoethyl diphenylborinate, boron trifluoride and standards of phenolic compounds: protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, o-coumaric acid, and (+)-catechin, were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).
Standards of phenolic compounds, quercetin, gallic acid, ferulic acid, and caffeic acid, were purchased from Merck. Standards of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside chloride, pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside chloride, pelargonidin-3,5-di-O-glucoside chloride, and delphinidin-3-O-glucoside chloride were from Extrasynthese (Genay, France). Aqueous solutions were prepared with Mili-Q water (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA).
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8

Potassium Dichromate Colorimetric Assay

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Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7, molecular weight 294.185), and chemicals including sodium succinate, triethanolamine, sodium citrate, sucrose, diethylether, bovine serum albumin (BSA), potassium hydroxide, ethanol, sulphuric acid (H2SO4), phenol, Tris-HCl, dichlorophenolindophenol (DCPIP) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) were of analytical grade and bought from Merck (Kolkata, India), SRL (Kolkata, India) and Sigma-Aldrich (Kolkata, India). All reagents were prepared using ultra-pure Millipore water to prevent unwanted metal contamination and to maintain experimental standards.
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