The presence of WMHs, including periventricular hyperintensity (PVH), and deep subcortical white matter hyperintensity (DSWMH), was evaluated by brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with a 3‐tesla scanner (Signa Excite 3.0T; GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI). Details of brain MRI have been described elsewhere.22 Hyperintensities depicted on T2‐weighted FLAIR images in contact with the ventricular wall and located in the subcortical region were defined as PVH and DSWMH, respectively. PVH was further classified into five grades in accordance with Japanese guidelines as follows23 : grade 0, absent or only a ‘rim’; grade 1, limited lesion‐like ‘caps’; grade 2, irregular ‘halo’; grade 3, irregular margins and extension into the deep white matter; and grade 4, extension into the deep white matter and subcortical portion. DSWMH was also classified into five grades as follows23 : grade 0, absent; grade 1, ≤3 mm small foci and regular margins; grade 2, ≥3 mm large foci; grade 3, diffusely confluent; and grade 4, extensive changes in the white matter. The presence of WMHs was defined as PVH grade ≥ 2 and/or DSWMH grade ≥ 3. Images were analysed by two neurologists without clinical information on the subjects. Images were analysed using OsiriX software (http://www . osirix‐viewer.com ).
Signa excite 3.0t
Manufactured by GE Healthcare
The Signa Excite 3.0T is a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system developed by GE Healthcare. It is a 3.0 Tesla (3.0T) MRI scanner that utilizes powerful magnetic fields and radio waves to generate detailed images of the body's internal structures.
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5 protocols using signa excite 3.0t
1
Grading of White Matter Hyperintensities
2
MRI Scan Protocols for Diverse Equipment
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The MRI scanning equipment included Signa Excite 3.0T (GE Medical Systems, GE Medical Systems, Chicago, IL), Discovery HD 750 3.0T (GE Medical Systems), Aera 1.5T (Siemens Healthcare Engineers, Siemens Healthcare Engineers, Erlangen, Germany), Ingenia 3.0T (Philips Medical Systems, Philips Medical Systems, Achieva, The Netherlands), Achieva 3.0T (Philips Medical Systems), Multiva 1.5T (Philips Medical Systems) and uMR 790 3.0T (United Imaging Healthcare, United Imaging Healthcare, Shanghai, China). The scanning sequences included conventional sagittal T1WI, T2WI, axial T2WI and fat suppression T2WI (FS‐T2WI). Supplementary Table 1 lists the sequence and parameters of MRI.
3
Multimodal MRI and MEG Imaging of Cerebral Ischemia
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MRI was performed using a 3.0-T scanner (SIGNA EXCITE 3.0T, GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI) with a standard head coil. T1-weighted imaging (T1WI), T2-weighted imaging (T2WI), and fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images were acquired to detect cerebral ischemic lesions. T1WI using a T1-weighted spoiled gradient recalled echo sequence was obtained for co-registration with MEG data. DWI including apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) mapping was also acquired to differentiate between acute and old infarctions. The cerebral arteries were evaluated using time-of-flight MRA.
4
Parotid Gland Perfusion Imaging with ASL
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ASL imaging was performed on the 3.0-T MR scanner equipped with Head-Neck-Spine Array Coil (Signa EXCITE 3.0T; GE Healthcare). Perfusion assessment of the parotid gland was performed before the salivary stimulation with 100% lemon juice containing 6.5% citric acid (base segment) and in 3 subsequent sequential segments after the stimulation (0–340 s, 340–680 s, and 680–1020 s) (Fig 1A ). The lemon juice was provided by placing a cotton roll containing 2.5 mL juice (163 mg citric acid) onto the upper surface of the tongue during the 3 subsequent segments of the ASL imaging.
We used the following parameters for the ASL MR imaging of the parotid glands: TR = 4589 ms, TE = 14 ms, number of excitation = 4, flip angle = 155°, acquisition matrix size = 128 × 128, FOV = 240 mm, label type = parallel slab, label gap = 20 mm, label duration = 1500 ms, and post label delay = 1525 ms. The labeling plane was set parallel to and 20 mm proximal to the imaging volume and perpendicular to the common carotid artery (Fig 1B ). The scan time for the ASL imaging in each segment was 5 min and 40 s for 24 slices.
We used the following parameters for the ASL MR imaging of the parotid glands: TR = 4589 ms, TE = 14 ms, number of excitation = 4, flip angle = 155°, acquisition matrix size = 128 × 128, FOV = 240 mm, label type = parallel slab, label gap = 20 mm, label duration = 1500 ms, and post label delay = 1525 ms. The labeling plane was set parallel to and 20 mm proximal to the imaging volume and perpendicular to the common carotid artery (
5
Neuroimaging Evaluation of Neurocysticercosis
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The clinical symptoms included headache in 38 patients, seizures in 18 patients, movement disorders in 12 patients and consciousness disorders in 7 patients. In this series, 55 cases were positive on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) examination, 3 cases were positive for cysticercosis IgG; 11 cases were confirmed by surgery (including 1 case of biopsy). Seven cases had CT examinations, including enhanced CT in 1 case, using Ultravist 370 (1ml/kg) as contrast-enhanced agent. Fifty-four cases had MRI examinations, including sequences of T1-weighted imaging (T1WI), T2-weighted imaging (T2WI), and fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR), acquiring axial, coronal and sagittal data. Among them, 46 cases underwent contrast-enhanced MRI simultaneously by injecting gadopentetate dimeglumine (0.1 mmol/kg). CT devices included Sensation 16 Row and Somatom Definition AS+ (Siemens company), and Brilliance 16 row (Philips company). MR devices included Trio Tim 3.0T, Avanto 1.5T and Sonata 1.5T (Siemens company), SIGNA EXCITE 3.0T (GE company), Achieva 3.0T (Philips company), and MRT200SP5 1.5T (Toshiba company).
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