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4 protocols using ab2033

1

Immunocytochemistry of Endothelial Cells

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This study cultured bEND.3 cells (4.5 × 104 cells) on cover glass for 7 days until confluent. After TNF-α treatment, the cells were washed in warm PBS and fixed in 1.75% paraformaldehyde for 15 min. The cells were subsequently incubated with PBS containing 0.1% Triton X-100 for 10 min (except for those subjected to immunofluorescence analysis for FN) and then blocked with 1% bovine serum albumin in PBS for 30 min at room temperature. After blocking, the cells were incubated with primary antibodies against FN (#AB2033, 1:200, Merck Millipore), ZO-1 (#61–7300 or #33–9100, 1:200, Thermo Fisher Invitrogen, Waltham, MA, USA), activated β1 integrin (clone HUTS-4, 1:100, Merck Millipore), β3 integrin (#13166, 1:200, Cell signaling, Denver, MA, USA), FAK (#3285, 1:200, Cell Signaling), and vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin (#36–1900, 1:200, Thermo Fisher Invitrogen) overnight at 4 °C followed by Alexa Fluor 488– and 594–conjugated secondary antibodies (1:100, Thermo Fisher Invitrogen) for 1 h at room temperature. Some cells were coincubated with Alexa Fluor 488–conjugated phalloidin (1:200, Thermo Fisher Invitrogen). Confocal images were captured using a Zeiss LSM 780 confocal scanning microscope (Oberkochen, Germany), and the images were processed using Photoshop CS6 (Adobe, San Jose, CA, USA).
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2

Quantifying Subretinal Fibrosis Volume

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Immunofluorescence assays were performed with retinal sections, RPE–choroid flatmounts, or primary RPE cells in 24-well slide chambers. Primary antibodies were used for staining against E-cadherin (3195, Cell Signaling Technology), N-cadherin (13116, Cell Signaling Technology), α-SMA (ab5694, Abcam), RPE65 (GTX13826, GeneTex), METTL3 (ab195352, Abcam), IB4 (DL-1207, Vector Laboratories), F4/80 (MCA497, Abd Serotec), Alexa FluorTM 488 Phalloidin (A12379, Thermo Fisher Scientific), Ki67 (ab15580, Abcam), HMGA2 (8179, Cell Signaling Technology), and GFP (ab290, Abcam).
To evaluate the volume of subretinal fibrosis, RPE–choroid flatmounts were stained with the antibody against Fibronectin (AB2033, Merck Millipore) on Day 28 after laser injury. The volume analysis was performed as previously described (Ye et al., 2015 (link)). Fibronectin was visualized using a confocal laser scanning microscope (TCS SP8; Leica Biosystems). Horizontal optical sections were taken at 1 µm intervals from the top to the bottom of the fibrosis lesion. The area of Fibronectin-positive lesion on each layer was measured using ImageJ software. The total area of each horizontal section was used as an index of Fibronectin volume. All laser spots in each eye were measured.
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3

Comprehensive Immunohistochemical Analysis of Murine Retina

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Mice were perfused transcardially with 4% paraformaldehyde. Eyeballs were harvested and prepared for immunohistochemistry. Briefly, RPE-choroid complexes were dissected out of eyeballs for flat-mounted analysis or cryosectioned (12 μm). Antibodies or reagents used for histological staining were anti-PECAM1 (550274, BD Biosciences), anti-Glut1 (07-1401, Millipore), anti-PDGFRβ (32570, Abcam), anti-NG2 (AB5320, Millipore), anti-αSMA (5694, Abcam), anti-CD11b (RM2800, Invitrogen), anti-Iba1 (019-19741, Wako), anti-RPE65 (78036, Abcam), anti-vimentin (32322, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), anti-CD13 (33489, Abcam), anti-CD45 (14-0451-81, eBioscience), anti-GFAP (33673, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), anti-glutamine synthetase (73593, Abcam), anti-fibronectin (AB2033, Millipore), anti-collagen IV (19808, Abcam), anti-glutamine synthase (73593, Abcam), anti-caspase 3 (559565, BD Biosciences), anti-Ki67 (1667, Abcam) and DyLight594-labeled anti-isolectin B4 (FL-1207, Vector Laboratories) (all 1:500).
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4

Western Blot Analysis of Fibrosis Markers

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Tissue samples were homogenized in lysis buffer (50mM TrisHCl, 150mM NaCl, 2 mM EDTA, 2 mM EGTA, 0.2% Triton X-100, 0.3% NP-40, 0.1 mM PMSF, and 1 µg/ml pepstatin A) and then separated by 10% SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions. After electrophoresis, samples were transferred to PVDF membranes (IPVH00010, Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA), blocked with 5% skimmed milk in TBS/0.5% v/v Tween 20 for 1 h, washed with TBS/Tween, and incubated with rabbit anti-Fibronectin (1:5000; AB2033, Millipore, MA, USA), anti-alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) (1:1000; A2668, Sigma, MO, USA), anti-Collagen I (1:1000, 234167, Merck Millipore, MA, USA), anti-Arg1 (1:1000; sc-20150, Santa Cruz, Germany), anti-Arg2 (1:1000; sc-393496, Santa Cruz, Germany). Antibodies were diluted in 5% milk TBS/Tween. Blots were washed with TBS/Tween and incubated with appropriate horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody (1:2000, Amersham, Aylesbury, UK). After washing with TBS/Tween the blots were developed with the chemiluminescence method (ECL Luminata Crescendo, WBLUR0500, Millipore, MA, USA). Blots were then probed with mouse monoclonal anti-α-tubulin antibody (1:5000, T6199, Sigma, MO, USA), and levels of expression were corrected for minor differences in loading. Quantification was expressed as arbitrary densitometric units (AU).
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