Bulk soil samples were pooled into replicates of five according to study site for microbial biomass, activity, and soil chemical compositions. Microbial biomass was measured using chloroform fumigation/extraction followed by a ninhydrin assay for nitrogen content. Microbial activity was assayed by measuring fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis63 (link). Soil moisture content was determined gravimetrically (drying at 105 °C for 48 h). Elemental carbon and nitrogen concentrations were measured by combustion in a Dumas apparatus followed by analysis using a LECO TruSpec analyser. Concentrations of other elements were measured by analyzing microwave-digested samples using a Varian Vista Pro inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer.
Vista pro
Manufactured by Agilent Technologies
Sourced in United States, Australia, United Kingdom
The Vista Pro is a high-performance analytical instrument designed for various laboratory applications. It offers advanced capabilities for accurate and reliable sample analysis. The core function of the Vista Pro is to provide precise and efficient data collection and analysis.
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Lab products found in correlation
Whatman filter paper, by Cytiva (2 mentions)
Mls 1200, by Milestone (2 mentions)
Ft ir 8300 spectrophotometer, by Shimadzu (2 mentions)
X pert mpd, by Philips (1 mentions)
Em10c, by Zeiss (1 mentions)
Uv vis spectrometer, by Analytik Jena (1 mentions)
Pentra 400 analyzer, by Horiba (1 mentions)
Ls 13 320, by Beckman Coulter (1 mentions)
Asap 2000, by Micromeritics (1 mentions)
D max c 3, by Rigaku (1 mentions)
Avance drx, by Brucker (1 mentions)
Xl30 feg sem, by Philips (1 mentions)
Curcumin, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Nanobrook 90plus particle size analyzer, by Brookhaven Instruments (1 mentions)
Amicon ultra 15 centrifugal filter, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Optizen pop, by Mecasys (1 mentions)
Mixed cellulose ester membrane filter, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Avancec 3 spectrometer, by Bruker (1 mentions)
8700 fourier transform spectrophotometer, by Shimadzu (1 mentions)
2100an turbidimeter, by HACH (1 mentions)
53 protocols using vista pro
1
Soil Microbial Assessment: Biomass, Activity, and Composition
2
Elemental Analysis of Plant Biomass
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The contents of various elements, including nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg), in plant biomass were determined. nitrogen analyses were carried out using the Kjeldahl method. Vanadium-molybdenum yellow colorimetry was used to determine the P content. To determine Na, K, Mg, and Ca contents, 0.5 g of dried biomass of each sample was dissolved in 8 ml of HNO3 (65%). Then, 4 ml of H2O2 was added to the reaction to remove color. Samples were then digested in a microwave at 150°C and 24.16 bar for 40 min. The digested samples were filtered through Whatman filter paper and subjected to inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) to determine the content of various elements (Vista Pro; Varian Inc., Palo Alto, CA, USA).
3
Microwave Digestion and ICP Analysis
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The oven dried plant samples were ground and digested in 5:1 (v/v) HNO3:HClO4 (5 mL) in a microwave oven (MLS 1200, Milestone, FKV, Boldone, Italy). The Cd and Mo concentrations were measured in the digested samples by inductively coupled plasma (ICP)-optical emission spectroscopy (Vista-PRO, Varian, Inc., Palo Alto, California, CA, USA) and ICP-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) (ELAN DRC-e, Perkin-Elmer Sciex, Wilmington, DE, USA) [27 (link),28 (link)].
4
Characterization of Fly Ash from Thermal Power Plant
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A fuel-oil fly ash sample, labeled as power plant residue (PPR), was collected from the Neka Thermal Power Plant, Mazandaran, Iran. It was crushed and screened through 75 μm sieves. The raw PPR was washed with hexane and acetone (1 : 1 mass ratio), and the slurry was mixed with a magnetic stirrer for 120 min at 50 °C. Then, a fine powder was obtained by filtering the slurry through a 0.40 μm Whatman filter paper. The powder was dried at 70 °C for 0.5 h before use. Aqua regia (hydrochloric acid and nitric acid with a molar ratio of 3 : 1) was prepared for the complete digestion of PPR in 24 h at 50 °C. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) (Vista Pro, Varian, Inc., California, USA) was used to analyze chemical elements in the solid samples. The chemical elements in the raw PPR are shown in Table 1 . Fig. 1 shows the X-ray diffraction (XRD) (X'Pert MPD, Philips, Netherlands) patterns and it was determined that the initial PPR sample was mostly Fe2O3, NaV6O15 and NiV2O6.
5
Characterization of Ag and ZnO Nanoparticles
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Particle size and size distribution of the synthetized Ag and ZnO NPs were determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) (Scatteroscope-I, Korea). The samples were diluted to be suitable for DLS characterization and the experiment was carried out at room temperature (24°C).20 (link)
The ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectrum absorption of Ag and ZnO NPs were recorded by UV–Vis spectrometer (Analytik Jena, Germany) with an optical resolution of 0.01nm full width at half maximum. The spectrum response was taken within a range of 200–800 nm at regular time intervals in a 4×1×1 cm path quartz cuvette.20 (link)
In addition, the exact concentration of silver and zinc ions were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS, Varian VISTA PRO, USA).
Finally, the morphology, average particle size, size distribution, and crystallinity of the particles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy at an operating voltage of 100 kV (TEM, Zeiss-EM10C, Germany). TEM samples were prepared by homogenizing a suspension of ZnO/ethanol or Ag/deionized water with 1 mM concentration in an ultrasonic vibrator and dropping a few droplets of the mixed suspension on the holy carbon-coated grid copper mesh 300 followed by the solvent evaporation at room temperature.21 (link)
The ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectrum absorption of Ag and ZnO NPs were recorded by UV–Vis spectrometer (Analytik Jena, Germany) with an optical resolution of 0.01nm full width at half maximum. The spectrum response was taken within a range of 200–800 nm at regular time intervals in a 4×1×1 cm path quartz cuvette.20 (link)
In addition, the exact concentration of silver and zinc ions were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS, Varian VISTA PRO, USA).
Finally, the morphology, average particle size, size distribution, and crystallinity of the particles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy at an operating voltage of 100 kV (TEM, Zeiss-EM10C, Germany). TEM samples were prepared by homogenizing a suspension of ZnO/ethanol or Ag/deionized water with 1 mM concentration in an ultrasonic vibrator and dropping a few droplets of the mixed suspension on the holy carbon-coated grid copper mesh 300 followed by the solvent evaporation at room temperature.21 (link)
6
Ion Release Analysis of SiOC Scaffolds
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For ion release analysis, SiOC scaffolds (1800 mg) were submerged in 180 mL of 0.05 M Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.3) and kept in an incubator at 37°C for 15 days. After 1, 5, 10, and 15 days, 5 mL of solution was collected and replaced by fresh Tris-HCl buffer. As blank control, Tris-HCl buffer was incubated in the same conditions, without SiOC samples.
A standard stock solution containing 1000 μg/mL Si from AccuStandard (New Haven, United States of America) was used to prepare external calibration solution. The samples were analyzed using an VISTA PRO ion-coupled plasma employing optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES) (Varian, Mulgrave, Australia). Peak height intensities were measured at the 288.158 nm Si(I) emission line. Each sample was measured three times (technical replicates). The concentration of ions released at each time corresponds to the measurement obtained minus the average blank value.
A standard stock solution containing 1000 μg/mL Si from AccuStandard (New Haven, United States of America) was used to prepare external calibration solution. The samples were analyzed using an VISTA PRO ion-coupled plasma employing optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES) (Varian, Mulgrave, Australia). Peak height intensities were measured at the 288.158 nm Si(I) emission line. Each sample was measured three times (technical replicates). The concentration of ions released at each time corresponds to the measurement obtained minus the average blank value.
7
Standardized Ceruloplasmin and Copper Quantification
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Serum Cp was determined using Pentra 400 analyzer (Horiba) using an immunoturbidimetric assay (DAKO Polyclonal Rabbit Anti-Human Ceruloplasmin). The assay was calibrated using the Protein 1 Calibrator (Siemens) traceable to the ERM®-DA470 (CRM 470) [21 (link)]. Between-runs imprecision ranged from 4.8% CV (coefficient of variation) at 0.08 g/L to 2.0% CV at 0.33 g/L. The method accuracy was determined using ProBioQual Scheme samples (http://www.probioqual.com ).
Serum and urinary Cu concentrations were measured using an inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer (Vistapro, Varian). Between-runs imprecision ranged from 9.7% CV at 1 mg/L to 8.7% CV at 2.99 mg/L. Urinary copper-to-creatinine ratios were determined in random urinal samples. External quality control was ensured through participation in the CTQ Proficiency Testing Scheme (https://www.inspq.qc.ca/ctq/paqe/pci/description ).
Serum and urinary Cu concentrations were measured using an inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer (Vistapro, Varian). Between-runs imprecision ranged from 9.7% CV at 1 mg/L to 8.7% CV at 2.99 mg/L. Urinary copper-to-creatinine ratios were determined in random urinal samples. External quality control was ensured through participation in the CTQ Proficiency Testing Scheme (
8
Comprehensive Mineralogical Characterization
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To perform the mineralogical assays, a Bruker XRD model D8 Advance (Billerica, MA, USA) was used. XRF assays were made in a Bruker XRF S-4 Pioneer Advance Billerica, MA, USA), with sample preparation in a Claisse perler, model M-4 (Malvern, Worcestershire, UK). Trace element detection was carried out using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), in a Varian Vista-PRO.
To perform specific gravity measures, a Micromeritics He was used. Particle size distribution tests were performed in a laser diffraction device, a Beckman Coulter LS 13 320 (Brea, CA, USA).
To perform specific gravity measures, a Micromeritics He was used. Particle size distribution tests were performed in a laser diffraction device, a Beckman Coulter LS 13 320 (Brea, CA, USA).
9
Structural and Physicochemical Characterization
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All the chemicals reagents in our experiments were of analytical grade and were used as received without further purification. Elemental analysis was carried out with an ICP analyzer (Varian, vista-pro). XRD patterns were recorded by a Rigaku D-max C III, X-ray diffractometer using Ni-filtered Cu Kα radiation. Dynamic light scattering was recorded on a HORIBA-LB550. Transmission electron microscopy images were obtained on a Philips EM208 transmission electron microscope with an accelerating voltage of 100 kV. Fourier transform infrared spectra were obtained by using a Shimadzu FT-IR 8300 spectrophotometer. TGA thermo grams were recorded on an instrument of Perkin Elmer with N2 carrier gas and the rate of temperature change of 20 °C min−1. The BET surface area was determined from nitrogen physisorption isotherms on a Micromeritics ASAP 2000 instrument at 196 °C. Before the measurement, the samples were evacuated at 250 °C for 2 h.
10
Characterization of Nutrient-Poor Organic Growing Medium
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A non-sterilized, nutrient-poor organic growing medium (produced by Greenyard Horticulture), consisting of 20 vol. % black peat, 50 vol. % white peat, 20 vol. % coco coir pith and 10 vol. % green waste compost (RHP certified), was used for all experiments. The pH was adjusted to 5.5–6.0 by adding lime (Ca,Mg(CO3)2) at 3 kg m-³ with an acid-binding capacity of 55% to increase the availability of trace elements such as Zn, Cu and Fe. The exact growing medium composition is given in S1 Table . Electrical conductivity (EN 13038) and pH (EN 13037) were measured in a 1:5 soil to water (v/v) suspension. Water-soluble nutrients and elements (i.e. NO3-, NH4+, Cl-, Na+, SO42- and PO43-) were extracted (1:5 v/v) according to EN 13652, and measured with a Dionex DX-600 IC ion chromatography (Dionex, Sunnyvale, CA), and for ammonium with a Skalar San++ mineral nitrogen analyzer. Plant-available concentrations of P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn were extracted (1:5 v/v) in ammonium acetate buffered at pH 4.65, and measured by CCD simultaneous ICP-OES (VISTA-PRO, Varian, Palo Alto, CA). Physical characteristics of the growing medium were measured according to EN 13041 (DIN 2012). Fresh bulk density of each batch of non-compacted growing medium was determined according to EN 12580.
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