N ethyl n 3 dimethylaminopropyl carbodiimide hydrochloride

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany

N-Ethyl-N′-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride is a chemical reagent commonly used in biochemical and organic synthesis applications. It is a water-soluble, zero-length crosslinking agent that facilitates the formation of amide bonds between carboxyl and amine groups.

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N-ethyl-N′-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC), (12 citations) N-ethyl-N′-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (7 citations) N-Ethyl-N′-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDAC) (3 citations) Hydrochlorides (2 citations)

23 protocols using n ethyl n 3 dimethylaminopropyl carbodiimide hydrochloride

Chitosan-Based Biomaterial Synthesis

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O-Phospho-L-serine (OPS, (HO)₂P(O)OCH₂CH(NH₂)CO₂H), chitosan (Chi) with low molecular weight (LM, Mw = 50–190 kDa, degree of deacetylation, DD = 96.1%) and high molecular weight (HM, Mw = 310–375 kDa, DD = 78.2%), N-Ethyl-N’-[3-dimethylaminopropyl]carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC, C₈H₁₇N₃·HCl), N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide sodium salt (Sulfo-NHS, C₄H₄NNaO₆S), ethalonamine hydrochloride (H₂NCH₂CH₂OH·HCl), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), cadmium perchlorate hydrate (Cd(ClO₄)²·6H₂O) and sodium sulfide (Na₂S∙9H₂O) were supplied by Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Acetic acid was supplied by Labsynth (Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil).
Chemicals were provided without any purification process. Deionized water (DI water, Millipore Simplicity^TM, Burlington, MA, USA) with resistivity of 18 MΩ cm was used for the solutions, at room temperature (RT, 23 ± 2 °C), unless when specified otherwise.

Salgado C.L., Mansur A.A., Mansur H.S, & Monteiro F.J. (2021). Bioengineered Fluorescent Nanoprobe Conjugates for Tracking Human Bone Cells: In Vitro Biocompatibility Analysis. Materials, 14(16), 4422.

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Synthesis of Photosensitizer Conjugates

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Chemicals such as 1-amino-propan-2-ol, 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN), methacryloyl chloride, 6-amino hexanoic acid, tert-butoxycarbonyl hydrazide, N-ethyl-N′-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC), carbon disulfide, ethanethiol, sodium hydride (60% dispersion in mineral oil), 5-hydroxy-2-pentanone, 4,6-trinitrobenzene-1-sulfonic acid (TNBSA), pentafluorophenol, 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP), tert-butanol, N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA), dichloromethane (DCM), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and 4-oxo-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy, free radical (4-oxo-TEMP) were obtained from Merck (Czech Republic). Pyropheophorbide-a was purchased from Frontier Scientific^® (USA), 2,2′-azobis(4-methoxy-2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) (V-70) from Wako Chemicals (Germany), and N-(3-tert-butoxycarbonyl-aminopropyl)methacrylamide (APMA-Boc) from Polysciences, Inc., (USA). All of the other chemicals and solvents were of analytical grade. The solvents for the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) characterization of DMSO-d₆ (99.80 atom% D) and CD₃OD (99.80 atom% D) were obtained from VWR Chemicals (Belgium).

Tavares M.R., Islam R., Šubr V., Hackbarth S., Gao S., Yang K., Lobaz V., Fang J, & Etrych T. (2023). Polymer theranostics with multiple stimuli-based activation of photodynamic therapy and tumor imaging. Theranostics, 13(14), 4952-4973.

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Synthesis of Multifunctional Alginate Nanoparticles

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Iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO₄·7H₂O, assay > 99%, Chem Lab NV, Zedelgem, Belgium),
sodium alginate (Na-alginate, Sigma-Aldrich; the viscosity of 2% solution
at 25 °C: ∼250 cps), HCl (37%, Carlo Erba, Barcelona),
ammonium hydroxide (NH₄OH, 30% for analysis, Carlo Erba)
were used for the synthesis of the nanoparticles. OH-PEG-NH₂ (average molecular mass 5000 Da, RAPP Polymers) was used for the
PEGylation reaction. Coupling reagents used were N-ethyl-N′-(3-dimethyl aminopropyl) carbodiimide
hydrochloride (EDC HCl, assay > 98%, 191.7 g/mol), N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide (s-NHS, assay > 98%, 217.14 g/mol), N,N-diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA, Merck),
hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt, CBL Patras), and folic acid (FA, assay
> 98%, 441.4 g/mol). The fluorescent agent for the nanoparticles N-(2-aminoethyl)rhodamine 6G-amide bis(trifluoroacetate)
(rhodamine 6G, assay ≥ 95.0%) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich,
and for cellular studies, LysoTracker Green (Invitrogen, CA) and 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
dihydrochloride (DAPI assay ≥98%, Sigma-Aldrich) were used.
DOX hydrochloride was from Sigma-Aldrich. All other chemicals and
solvents were of analytical grade. Human blood plasma was obtained
from the University Hospital of Patras, Greece. In the experiments,
ultrapure 3D-H₂O from an ELGA MEDICA apparatus was used.

Angelopoulou A., Kolokithas-Ntoukas A., Fytas C, & Avgoustakis K. (2019). Folic Acid-Functionalized, Condensed Magnetic Nanoparticles for Targeted Delivery of Doxorubicin to Tumor Cancer Cells Overexpressing the Folate Receptor. ACS Omega, 4(26), 22214-22227.

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Synthesis of Fluorescent Cisplatin Nanocarriers

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Ammonium hydroxide solution (25% NH₃ in H₂O), paraffin wax, 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTES), triethylamine (TEA), acryloyl chloride (AC), cisplatin, hydrogen peroxide 30% in water, tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TBAOH), hydrochloric acid (HCl), fluorescein, N-Ethyl-N′-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC), Nhydroxysuccinimide (NHS), N,N-dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and alginic acid sodium salt from brown algae with molecular weight 280,000 g/mol (determined by aq-GPC) were purchased from Merck chemical Co. Iron (II) chloride tetrahydrate, iron (III) chloride hexahydrate and sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Chitosan (

\bar{M_{n}}

= 3000 g/mol) was purchased from Golden-Shell Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., China. Ethanol and chloroform were supplied from Kian Kaveh, Iran.

Mafakheri F., Asakereh A., Khoee S, & Kamankesh M. (2023). Synthesis of magnetic electroactive nanomotors based on sodium alginate/chitosan and investigation the influence of the external electric field on the mechanism of locomotion. Scientific Reports, 13, 10326.

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Synthesis and Evaluation of PEGylated Gemcitabine Conjugates

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Gemcitabine hydrochloride was obtained from LC Laboratories (Woburn,
MA). Retinoic acid, imidazole, tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride (TBDMS-Cl),
dimethyl sulfoxide, triethylamine, pyrene,
N-Ethyl-N′-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC.HCl),
4-Dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), tetrabutylammonium fluoride solution 1.0 M in
THF, cytidine deaminase, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium
bromide (MTT), N,N′-Diisopropylcarbodiimide,
N,N-Diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA) and Cathepsin B was
purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO). Methoxy polyethyleneglycol 750 was
obtained from Fisher Scientific (Santa Clara, CA). Methoxy-PEG2k-cholesterol
(CholPEG) was purchased from Nano CS (Boston, MA). Anhydrous dimethylformamide
was obtained from Acros Organics (Fair Law, NJ). The Cell Meter ™ TUNEL
Apoptosis Assay kit was purchased from AAT Bioquest (Sunnyvale, CA).

Kakwere H., Ingham E.S., Tumbale S.K, & Ferrara K.W. (2020). Gemcitabine-retinoid prodrug loaded nanoparticles display in vitro antitumor efficacy towards drug-resilient human PANC-1 pancreatic cancer cells. Materials science & engineering. C, Materials for biological applications, 117, 111251.

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Electrochemical Biosensor Fabrication

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The following chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and were used without further purification: glucose oxidase (GOx) from Aspergillus niger (128.2 U∙mg⁻¹ solid), laccase from Trametes versicolor (12.9 U∙mg⁻¹ solid), N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide (NHS; 98%), N-ethyl-N’(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC; 98%), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs; carboxylic acid-functionalized), sodium perchlorate (NaClO₄, 98%), D-(+)-glucose, ferrocenemethanol (FcCH₂OH), and indium tin oxide (ITO) glass (15 Ω.sq⁻¹). Uric acid (99%), L-(+)-ascorbic acid (99+%), and 4-acetamidophenol (98%) were purchased from Alfa Aesar, South Korea. The aqueous solutions were prepared in deionized (DI) water. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS; Sylgard 184, Dow Corning, Midland, MI, USA) was mixed in a 10:1 ratio of base and curing agent. All analytical experiments were performed in a sodium phosphate buffer prepared with 50 mM NaH₂PO₄ and 50 mM Na₂HPO₄; the pH was adjusted by their proper mixing.

Khan H., Choi J.H., Ullah A., Kim Y.H, & Kim G.M. (2020). Continuous Determination of Glucose Using a Membraneless, Microfluidic Enzymatic Biofuel Cell. Micromachines, 11(12), 1129.

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Preparation and Characterization of DS-Sepharose Resins

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DS-Sepharose resins were prepared by coupling dermatan sulfate (DS; Sigma-Aldrich) to EAH Sepharose 4B resins (GE Healthcare). Sepharose resins (20 ml) were washed with distilled water and 0.5 M NaCl and then mixed with 100 mg of DS dissolved in 10 ml of 0.1 M MES buffer (pH 5.0). N-ethyl-N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (Sigma-Aldrich) was added to a final concentration of 0.1 M. The reaction proceeded at 25 °C for 24 h with end-over-end rotation. After the first 60 min, the pH of the reaction mixture was readjusted to 5.0. After the coupling, the resins were washed three times, each time with a low pH buffer (0.1 M acetate, 0.5 M NaCl, pH 5.0) and a high pH buffer (0.1 M Tris, 0.5 M NaCl, pH 8.0). The washed DS-Sepharose resins were suspended in 10 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) and packed into a C16/20 column (GE Healthcare). The column was equilibrated with 10 mM phosphate buffer before use.

Zhang W., Rho J.H., Roehrl M.H, & Wang J.Y. (2019). A comprehensive autoantigen-ome of autoimmune liver diseases identified from dermatan sulfate affinity enrichment of liver tissue proteins. BMC Immunology, 20, 21.

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Carboxyl-Functionalized Polystyrene Particle Conjugation

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N-Ethyl-N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), N-Hydroxysulfosuccinimide sodium salt (NHS) and sNHS-biotin were obtained from Sigma Aldrich. NHS-PEG

_{12}

was obtained from Iris Biotech. Carboxyl functionalized polystyrene particles (20 nm) 8.86 × 10

^{14}

particles/mL were obtained from Nanocs Inc. (New York, NY, USA) Buffers: MES-T Buffer pH 6: 10 mM MES (2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid)), 0.05% Tween20. PB-T pH 7: 100 mM H

_{2}

NaPO

_{4}

, 0.05% Tween20. HBS-T pH 7.5: 50 mM HEPES (4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid), 150 mM NaCl, 0.1% Tween20. HBS-T pH 8: 10 mM HEPES, 150 mM NaCl, 0.05% Tween20.

Frutiger A., Gatterdam K., Blickenstorfer Y., Reichmuth A.M., Fattinger C, & Vörös J. (2020). Ultra Stable Molecular Sensors by Submicron Referencing and Why They Should Be Interrogated by Optical Diffraction—Part II. Experimental Demonstration. Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 21(1), 9.

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Photopolymerizable Hydrogel Fabrication

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N-isopropylacrylamide (NiPAAm, ≥99%), N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide (BIS, 99%), lithium phenyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphosphinate (LAP, ≥95%), tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine hydrochloride (TCEP), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), cystamine hydrochloride (≥98%), 2,2′-dipyridyl disulfide (98%), iron(III) chloride hexahydrate (≥99%), bovine serum albumin (BSA, ≥96%), rhodamine B isothiocyanate (RhB), phosphate buffered saline tablet (PBS), N-ethyl-N′-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDAC, ≥99%), 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid (MES, ≥99%), sodium peroxodisulfate (99%), N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA, 99%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Damstadt, Germany). N,N′-Bis(acryloyl)cystamine (BAC, 98%) was purchased from Alfa Aesar (Kandel, Germany). Sodium bicarbonate (99.5%) was purchased from ACROS Organics (Geel, Belgium). Sodium carbonate anhydrous (≥99.5%) was purchased from Honeywell Fluka (Seelze, Germany). Ethanol absolute (≥99.5%) was purchased from VWR Chemicals BDH (London, UK). Silicone elastomer kit (PDMS) was purchased from DOW Corning (Midland, MI, USA). Deionized water was used for all experiments. All chemicals were used as received without further purification.

Jiao C., Obst F., Geisler M., Che Y., Richter A., Appelhans D., Gaitzsch J, & Voit B. (2022). Reversible Protein Capture and Release by Redox-Responsive Hydrogel in Microfluidics. Polymers, 14(2), 267.

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Multifunctional Chitosan-Based Anticancer Nanomedicine

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Chitosan, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), bovine serum albumin (BSA), folic acid (FA), Doxorubicin (DOX), cisplatin (Cis.), N-Ethyl-N′ -(3-dimethylamino propyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDAC), N-Hydroxysuccinimide (NHS), and sodium hydroxide pellets were purchased from Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA; ethanol was obtained from Baker Analyzed, Fisher Scientific, Landsmeer, The Netherlands. Apigenin (99.06% purity, CAS Number 520-36-5) was obtained from Chengdu Herbpurify Co., Ltd. (Wuhan, China). Hepatocellular carcinoma (HePG-2) and epithelioid carcinoma (Hela) cell lines were obtained from ATCC via Holding Company for Biological Products and Vaccines (VACSERA), Cairo, Egypt. Fetal Bovine serum (GIBCO, Carlsbad, UK), Annexin V-FITC Apoptosis Kit Plus BioVision. Qiagen RNA extraction/BioRad SYBR green PCR MMX. A catalase activity assay colorimetric kit (ab83464) and propidium iodide flow cytometry kit (ab139418) were purchased from Abcam. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity assay: Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay Kit (Cloud-Clone Corp). All other reagents used were of analytical grade.

Mabrouk Zayed M.M., Sahyon H.A., Hanafy N.A, & El-Kemary M.A. (2022). The Effect of Encapsulated Apigenin Nanoparticles on HePG-2 Cells through Regulation of P53. Pharmaceutics, 14(6), 1160.

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