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8 protocols using hot firepol evagreen

1

CRISPR/Cas9 Off-Target Screening in Rat Tissues

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Genomic DNA purified from DRG and spinal cord tissues using Quick-gDNA MiniPrep Kit (Cat# 11–317AC; Genesee, San Diego, CA). PCR was performed using 5X HOT FIREPol Evagreen (Cat# 08–24-00020; Solis Biodyne, Tartu, Estonia) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Specific primer sequences used are given in Supplementary Figure 1 (available online at http://links.lww.com/PAIN/A446). PCR efficiency was tested by running the samples on a 1% agarose gel containing SYBR Safe DNA Gel Stain (Cat# S33102; Thermo Fisher Scientific). Samples were sent for Sanger sequencing and obtained sequences were analyzed by alignment with the target regions within the Rattus norvegicus genome. As a control for off-target effects of our CRISPR/Cas9 editing strategy, we sequenced 11 potential off-target binding sites predicted using COSMID (crispr.bme.gatech. edu).10 (link) We sequenced 11 genomic regions, in 16 tissues, DRG (L4, L5, and L6) and dorsal horn of the lumbar region of the spinal cord (n = 4 controls and n = 4 CRISPR Nf1 per tissue). We found only 1 occurrence of an off-target alteration among the 176 sites screened (Supplementary Figure 1, available online at http://links.lww.com/PAIN/A446); this occurred in a noncoding region of the DNA.
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2

Chitinase mRNA Expression Analysis

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A two-step qPCR protocol was used for comparative determination of chitinase mRNA levels where actin (GenBank accession AY847627) was used as the housekeeping gene. Amplification was performed by 5x Hot FirePol EvaGreen (Solis BioDyne, Tartu, Estonia) in Stratagene Mx3005P (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA) under the following cycling conditions: 95 • C for 2 min followed by 40 cycles of 95 • C-10 s, 60 • C-40 s, and final analysis of amplicons dissociation curves. Chitinase primers were designed on the base of class I chitinase [8] (link) with checking the specificity in silico as well as for unique fragment amplification.
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3

Genotyping of rs67085638 SNP via HRM and Sanger Sequencing

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DNA was isolated from peripheral blood cells via a salting-out procedure. The primers were designated using Oligo 7.6 software (DBA Oligo, Inc., Colorado Springs, CO). The NC_000008.10:g.128220661C > T (rs67085638) polymorphism DNA fragment (140 bp) was amplified using the following primers: forward 5′ GCTGTAAATAACGCTGAT 3′ and reverse 5′AACTGAATGAGATGAAGG 3′. The rs67085638 SNP was then genotyped via high-resolution melting (HRM) curve analysis previously described26 (link) using HOT FIREPol EvaGreen (Solis BioDyne, Tartu, Estonia) with a LightCycler 480 system (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany). The presence of this SNP was reanalysed by Sanger sequencing analysis of arbitrarily chosen samples, comprising 10% of the samples from both cases and controls. The concordance rate between HRM and sequencing was 100%.
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4

Genotyping rs8067378 Polymorphism by HRM

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DNA was isolated from peripheral blood cells via a salting-out procedure. The primers were designated employing Oligo 7.6 software (DBA Oligo, Inc., Colorado Springs, CO, USA). The rs8067378 polymorphism DNA fragment (225 bp) was amplified using the primers forward 5′ GAAAGAAGAGCACAGATAAAC 3′ and reverse 5′ CGGATGACTGGTGAAATAAGC 3′. The rs8067378 SNP was then genotyped via high-resolution melting curve analysis using HOT FIREPol EvaGreen (Solis BioDyne, Tartu, Estonia) with a LightCycler 480 system (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany). The presence of this SNP was reanalyzed by Sanger sequencing analyses of randomly selected samples comprising 10% of the samples from all of the participants. The concordance rate between high-resolution melting and sequencing was equal to 100%.
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5

Differentiation of SH-SY5Y Cells and Analysis of AS3MT Isoforms

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SH‐SY5Y cells were seeded in six‐well plates and differentiated into a neuron‐like phenotype with retinoic acid as previously described (Teppola et al., 2016 (link)). Differentiated SH‐SY5Y cells were harvested using TRIzol (Invitrogen) followed by RNA extraction using Direct‐zol miniprep (Zymo Research), according to the manufacturer's instructions. Three biological replicates were processed for each time point. RNA was extracted at 48‐hr intervals using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, CA, USA) and Direct‐zol RNA miniprep (Zymo Research, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Total RNA was converted to cDNA using the superscript VILO cDNA synthesis kit (Invitrogen) following the manufacturer's instructions. RT‐qPCR was performed on the QuantStudio 6 Flex system for AS3MTfull, AS3MTd2d3 transcripts, and the endogenous controls β‐Actin and GAPDH with HOT FIREPol EvaGreen (Solis Biodyne, Estonia). Primer information for RT‐qPCR is listed in (Table S1). The relative expression of the two isoforms was calculated using the delta delta CT. Statistical analysis across time was performed by a one‐way ANOVA and pairwise t‐test post hoc analysis. Data are presented as a mean fold change relative to baseline (zero‐day) samples, error bars are ±SEM, n = 3 per timepoint.
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6

Genotyping of rs6983267 Polymorphism

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DNA was isolated from peripheral blood cells via a salting-out procedure. The primers were designated using Oligo 7.6 software (DBA Oligo, Inc., Colorado Springs, CO). The NC_000008.10:g.128413305 G>T polymorphism DNA fragment (170 bp) was amplified using the primers (forward 5′ TAACCTCTTCCTATCTCA 3′ and reverse 5′ AAATAAAGTCAATAGCACAT 3′). The rs6983267 SNP was then genotyped via high-resolution melting (HRM) curve analysis using HOT FIREPol EvaGreen (Solis BioDyne, Tartu, Estonia) with a LightCycler 480 system (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany). The presence of this SNP was reanalyzed by Sanger sequencing analyses of arbitrarily chosen samples, comprising 10% of the samples from both cases and controls. The concordance rate between HRM and sequencing was 100%.
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7

High-Resolution Melting Analysis of DNA Polymorphisms

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For speci c SNP loci, a High Resolution Melting curve analysis (HRM) using HOT FIREPol EvaGreen (Solis BioDyne, Tartu, Estonia) with a LightCycler 480 system (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany) was performed for the detection and analyses of polymorphisms. Analysis was performed using Applied Biosystems High Resolution Melt Software.
HRM analysis was performed on double-stranded (ds) DNA samples. The DNA was ampli ed using a real-time platform prior to the HRM melt phase. The HRM process is a slow denaturation of the ds DNA from 50-95 °C in conjunction with an intercalating of a uorescent dye. The uorescence level drops when the two strands 'melt' apart. The shape of the curve is dependent upon the characteristics of the ds DNA, which relate to whether it is homozygous wild type, homozygous mutant or heterozygous wild type and mutant. As the HRM is monitored in real-time, this curve gives a real time picture of the characteristics of the DNA being tested.
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8

High-Resolution Melting Analysis of DNA Polymorphisms

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For speci c SNP loci, a High Resolution Melting curve analysis (HRM) using HOT FIREPol EvaGreen (Solis BioDyne, Tartu, Estonia) with a LightCycler 480 system (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany) was performed for the detection and analyses of polymorphisms. Analysis was performed using Applied Biosystems High Resolution Melt Software.
HRM analysis was performed on double-stranded (ds) DNA samples. The DNA was ampli ed using a real-time platform prior to the HRM melt phase. The HRM process is a slow denaturation of the ds DNA from 50-95 °C in conjunction with an intercalating of a uorescent dye. The uorescence level drops when the two strands 'melt' apart. The shape of the curve is dependent upon the characteristics of the ds DNA, which relate to whether it is homozygous wild type, homozygous mutant or heterozygous wild type and mutant. As the HRM is monitored in real-time, this curve gives a real time picture of the characteristics of the DNA being tested.
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