Propanil

Reagents were ≥95% purity and were used as provided without further purification or characterisation. 2-chloro-N-phenylacetamide, 4-bromo-2-methoxy-N-phenylbenzamide, 3-fluoroacetanilide, N-methylacetanilide and 4-nitroacetanilide were purchased from Fluorochem (Hadfield, UK). 2-Acetamidophenol, 3-acetamidophenol, acetanilide, acetonitrile, ammonium acetate, ammonium formate, benzanilide, dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), formic acid, paracetamol (acetaminophen) and salicylanilide were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Hemel Hempstead, UK). Bicalutamide, flutamide, L-glutamine, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine-1-ethanesulphonic acid (HEPES), lidocaine hydrochloride, 3-methylacetanilide, 4-methylacetanilide, niclosamide, N-phenylurea, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, propanil, sodium phosphate dibasic, Trypan Blue and Williams’ Medium E were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Gillingham, UK). 4-Fluoroacetanilide, 2-methylacetanilide, 3-nitroacetanilide and prilocaine hydrochloride were purchased from VWR International Ltd (Lutterworth, UK).

Analytical grade dimethyl phthalate, monomethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, dioctyl phthalate, propanil, monalide, chlorpropham, carfentrazone-ethyl, methomyl, 3-chloroaniline, 4-chloroaniline, and 3,4-dichloroaniline were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Castle Hill, Australia). Sulfosulfuron, metsulfuron-methyl, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, imazethpyr, and pendimethalin were gifted by Dow Agrosciences (India). All other chemicals were used at the highest purity available commercially.