9 aminoacridine

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom

9-aminoacridine is a chemical compound used as a laboratory tool in various research applications. It serves as a fluorescent dye and intercalating agent, which can be utilized for specific purposes within the research and scientific community. The core function of 9-aminoacridine is to provide a fluorescent signal that can aid in the analysis and visualization of biological samples and processes.

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Lab products found in correlation

2 aminoanthracene, by Merck Group (12 mentions) Sodium azide, by Merck Group (12 mentions) Mitomycin c, by Merck Group (8 mentions) 2 nitrofluorene, by Merck Group (7 mentions) Benzo a pyrene, by Merck Group (6 mentions) 4 nitroquinoline n oxide, by Merck Group (4 mentions) Bacto agar, by BD (4 mentions) Colchicine, by Merck Group (3 mentions) Glucose 6 phosphate (g6p), by Merck Group (3 mentions) Trifluoroacetic acid, by Merck Group (3 mentions) α cyano 4 hydroxycinnamic acid, by Merck Group (3 mentions) Cyclophosphamide, by Merck Group (3 mentions) 2 5 dihydroxybenzoic acid, by Merck Group (3 mentions) 4 nitroquinoline 1 oxide, by Merck Group (2 mentions) D biotin, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Ethanol, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Potassium chloride (kcl), by Merck Group (2 mentions) Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), by Merck Group (2 mentions) N 1 naphthyl ethylenediamine dihydrochloride, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Indium tin oxide coated glass slide, by Bruker (2 mentions)

Spelling variants of this product

9-aminoacridine (9-AA, (26 citations) 9-aminoacridine hydrochloride monohydrate matrix (4 citations) 9-aminoacridine hydrochloride monohydrate (9-AA), (3 citations) 9-aminoacridine hydrochloride hydrate (9-AAHH), (2 citations) 9-Aminoacridine hydrochloride (9-AA) (2 citations)

45 protocols using 9 aminoacridine

Mutagenicity Assay with Activators

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With metabolic activation system, Benzo[α]pyrene (Sigma-Aldrich, MO, USA) for TA98, 2-Aminoanthracene (Sigma-Aldrich) for TA100, TA1535, TA1537 and E. coli. Without metabolic activation system, Sodium azide (Sigma-Aldrich) for TA100 and TA1535, 4-Nitroquinoline N-oxide (Sigma-Aldrich) for TA98 and E. coli, 9-Aminoacridine (Sigma-Aldrich) for TA1537 were used.

Seo H.W., Suh J.H., Kyung J.S., Jang K.H, & So S.H. (2019). Subacute Oral Toxicity and Bacterial Mutagenicity Study of a Mixture of Korean Red Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) and Salvia plebeia R. Br. Extracts. Toxicological Research, 35(3), 215-224.

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Mutagenicity and Genotoxicity Assays

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Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-Na), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), nicotine-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP), glucose-6-phosphate (G6P), sodium azide, 2-nitrofluorene, 9-aminoacridine, 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide, 2-aminoanthracene, fetal bovine serum (FBS), absolute methanol, cyclophosphamide monohydrate (CPA), sodium thiopentone barbiturate, isoflurane, magnesium chloride, potassium chloride, and sodium phosphate salts were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537 strains were sourced from the National Collection of Type Cultures (London, UK). Escherichia coli WP2 uvrA/pKM101 was obtained from the National Collection of Industrial, Food, and Marine Bacteria (Scotland, UK). Lyophilized rat liver S9 fraction and Bacto Agar were purchased from Celsis International (Cambridge, UK) and Becton Dickinson, Sparks, MD, respectively. The clinical chemistry and hematology reagents were obtained from Instrumentation Laboratory India Pvt. Ltd. (New Delhi, India) and Siemens (Munich, Germany), respectively.

Dodda S., Alluri V.K., Golakoti T, & Sengupta K. (2020). Acute, Subacute, and Genotoxicity Assessments of a Proprietary Blend of Garcinia mangostana Fruit Rind and Cinnamomum tamala Leaf Extracts (CinDura®). Journal of Toxicology, 2020, 1435891.

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Evaluation of Magnesium Salt Toxicity

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The test materials were magnesium salts of isobutyrate (batch number VDA 19239, 30% isobutyrate) and 2-methylbutyrate (batch number VDA19301, 33.9% 2-methylbutyrate) from Zinpro Corporation, MN 55344, USA. The balance of both test materials is ground corn cobs carrier. The positive control chemicals colchicine, cyclophosphamide monohydrate and 9-aminoacridine were obtained from Sigma Chemical, and sodium azide, 2-nitrofluorene and 2-aminoanthracene were obtained from Moltox, Inc. Methylmethanesulfonate (MMS) and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) were sourced from Aldrich and Honeywell, respectively. The S9 tissue fraction used in the studies was isolated from livers of Sprague Dawley rats pretreated with phenobarbital-5,6-benzoflavone, produced by MOLTOX Molecular Toxicology, Inc. and provided by Trinova Biochem GmbH.

Dolan L.C., Ciliutti P., Bisini L., Marabottini C, & Curtin B. (2021). Genotoxicity evaluation of magnesium salts of isobutyrate and 2-methylbutyrate. Toxicology Reports, 8, 1814-1818.

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Co-crystallization of hAChE with Ligands

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Ligands, donepezil, 9-aminoacridine and BW284c51 were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich and 30–60 mM stock solutions were
prepared in DMSO. In preparation for co-crystallization, samples of hAChE were dialyzed in 10 mM NaCl, 10 mM HEPES, pH 7, and
concentrated to 6–10 mg/mL. About 1 h prior to crystallization, the solution of hAChE was combined with stock solutions of
ligands in a molar ratio of 1:5 or 1:10 to obtain binary complexes. Co-crystals were grown by vapor diffusion at 10 °C in
sitting drop microbridges or 9-well glass plates (Hampton Research, Aliso Viejo, CA). Well solutions containing 10 mM sodium
citrate, 100 mM HEPES, pH 7.5, 7–12% PEG6000 were used in crystallization experiments with donepezil and BW284c51 and 200
mM potassium nitrate, 100 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 9% PEG 3350 were used to produce crystals with 9-aminoacridine. Crystals typically
appeared within 2-4 weeks (~0.1-0.2 mm in the longest dimension) and over 2-4 months, depending on the ligand, slowly grew
to full size (> 1 mm). Largest crystals were observed in drops that contained 1-3 crystals.

Gerlits O., Ho K.Y., Cheng X., Blumenthal D., Taylor P., Kovalevsky A, & Radić Z. (2019). A new crystal form of human acetylcholinesterase for exploratory room-temperature crystallography studies. Chemico-biological interactions, 309, 108698.

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Diverse Chemical Reagents for Research

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Ammonium sodium phosphate dibasic tetrahydrate, anhydrous dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, and sodium chloride were purchased from Fluka (Seelze, Germany). Bacto™ agar was purchased from Becton Dickinson & Co (Sparks, MD, USA). Citric acid monohydrate, disodium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate, and sodium dihydrogen phosphate monohydrate were purchased from Panreac (Barcelona, Spain). 9–Aminoacridine, 2–aminoanthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, D–biotin, D–(+)–glucose monohydrate, glucose–6-phosphate, dimethyl sulfoxide, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, 2–nitrofluorene, and tert–butyl hydroperoxide were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). L–Histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany), magnesium sulfate heptahydrate was purchased from (LabChem Inc., Zelienople, PA, USA), nutrient broth nº 2 was from Oxoid (Basingstoke, UK), and sodium azide was purchased from J.T. Baker Chemical Company (Phillipsburg, NJ, USA). Aroclor 1254–induced rat liver S9 was purchased from Trinova Biochem (GmbH, Giessen, Germany). Ultrapure water from a Milli-Q water purification system (Millipore, Molsheim, France) was used to prepare all the solutions, dilutions, and culture media.

Malú Q., Lima K., Malmir M., Pinto R., da Silva I.M., Catarino L., Duarte M.P., Serrano R., Rocha J., Lima B.S, & Silva O. (2022). Contribution to the Preclinical Safety Assessment of Lannea velutina and Sorindeia juglandifolia Leaves. Plants, 12(1), 130.

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MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry Protocol

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M2 culture medium, paraformaldehyde, PBS, polyvinylpyrrolidone, hexane, 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,5-DHB), 9-aminoacridine, trifluoroacetic acid were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, ultrapure methanol and water were obtained from Fluka, ethanol (96%) received from the local supplier.

Bodzon-Kulakowska A., Arena R., Mielczarek P., Hartman K., Kozoł P., Gibuła-Tarlowska E., Wrobel T.P., Gąsior Ł., Polański Z., Ptak G.E, & Suder P. (2020). Mouse single oocyte imaging by MALDI-TOF MS for lipidomics. Cytotechnology, 72(3), 455-468.

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Salmonella Reverse Mutation Assay

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Five characterized histidine-dependent strains of Salmonella typhimurium (TA98, TA100, TA102, TA1535, TA1537; MFDS, Osong, Korea) were utilized for bacterial reverse mutation assay (Ames test) in accordance with OECD guideline 471 [27 ]. S. typhimurium strains were incubated with the AA extract with or without an S9 mix in the dark at 37℃ for 48 h. The standard mutagens (2-nitrofluorene, sodium azide, mitomycin C, 9-aminoacridine, and 2-aminoanthracene; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) were used as positive controls. The extract was considered to be positive if there was a two-fold increase relative to negative control or a dose-dependent increase in the number of revertant colonies.

Yun J.W., Kim Y.S., Kwon E., Kim S.H., You J.R., Kim H.H., Che J.H, & Kang B.C. (2017). Evaluation of in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity of Angelica acutiloba in a standard battery of assays. Laboratory Animal Research, 33(3), 231-236.

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B16F10 Cell Viability Assay

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B16F10 cells were plated in 96 well plates (cat# 655075, Greiner) at 1×10³ per well. The following day, cells were treated in triplicate serial dilutions of ALOS4 (0.003-100 μM), 9-aminoacridine (50 μM, positive control; cat# 92817, Sigma-Aldrich) or drug-free medium (negative control) and incubated for 48 or 72 hours. Cell viability then was assessed via resazurin (cat# R7017, Sigma-Aldrich) staining. resazurin (150 μM, 0.2 μm filter-sterilized in Dulbecco's PBS; pH 7.4) was added to cell cultures and incubated 4 hours (37°C, 5% CO₂). The resorufin product was measured fluorometrically (560 nm excitation/590 nm emission).

Yacobovich S., Tuchinsky L., Kirby M., Kardash T., Agranyoni O., Nesher E., Redko B., Gellerman G., Tobi D., Gurova K., Koman I., Fabian O.A, & Pinhasov A. (2016). Novel synthetic cyclic integrin αvβ3 binding peptide ALOS4: antitumor activity in mouse melanoma models. Oncotarget, 7(39), 63549-63560.

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Screening of FDA-Approved Compounds Library

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FDA approved compound screening library (978 compounds, 10 mM solution in DMSO, L1300) was purchased from Selleckchem. For the validation of the selected compounds, we separately ordered levosimendan (Cat. #S2446, SelleckChem; Cat. #L5545, Sigma), spironolactone (Cat. #S4054, SelleckChem; Cat. #S3378, Sigma), 9-aminoacridine (Cat. #92817, Sigma), and mycophenolic acid (Cat. #S2487, SelleckChem; Cat. #M3536, Sigma). Recombinant human TNFα (Cat. #BD 554618) was purchased from BD Bioscience. 3′-Azido-3′-deoxythymidine (AZT, Cat. #A2169) was purchased from Sigma. Raltegravir (RAL, Cat. #S2005) were purchased from SelleckChem. 3-Methyladenine (3-MA, Cat. S2767) was purchased from SelleckChem. Anti-human CD3 antibody (Cat. #16-0037-85) and antihuman CD28 antibody (Cat. #16-0289-85) were purchased from eBioscience.

Hayashi T., Jean M., Huang H., Simpson S., Santoso N.G, & Zhu J. (2017). Screening of an FDA-Approved Compound Library Identifies Levosimendan as A Novel anti-HIV-1 Agent that Inhibits Viral Transcription. Antiviral research, 146, 76-85.

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Bacterial Mutagenicity Assay with Rat Liver S9

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Chemicals and reagents were obtained from the following suppliers: nutrient broth from Oxoid Ltd. (Basingstoke, UK), water (CAS No.7732-18-5) from Baxter (Newbury, UK), glucose (CAS No. 50-99-7), magnesium sulphate (CAS No. 7487-88-9), potassium chloride (CAS No. 7447-40-7) and sodium phosphate buffer from Fisher Scientific (Loughborough, UK), magnesium chloride (CAS No. 7786-30-3) from VWR (Radnor, PA, USA), citric acid (CAS No. 77-92-9), d-biotin (CAS No. 58-85-5), glucose-6-phosphate (CAS No. 3671-99-6), histidine (CAS No. 71-00-1) and sodium ammonium phosphate tetrahydrate (CAS No. 7783-13-3) from Sigma-Aldrich Co. Ltd. (Poole, UK), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) (CAS No. 698999-85-8) and rat liver S9 from Molecular Toxicology Inc. (Boone, NC, USA), Bactoagar from Becton Dickinson and Co. (Oxford, UK), dipotassium phosphate (CAS No. 7758-11-4) from Camlab (Cambridge, UK).
Positive control chemicals included 9-aminoacridine (CAS No. 90-45-9), 2-aminoanthracene (CAS No. 613-13-8), benzo[a]pyrene (CAS No. 50-32-8), mitomycin C (CAS No. 50-07-7), 2-nitrofluorene (CAS No. 607-57-8) and sodium azide (CAS No. 26628-22-8) all from Sigma-Aldrich (Poole, UK). Antibiotics comprised ampicillin (CAS No. 69-53-4) and tetracycline (CAS No. 60-54-8) from Sigma-Aldrich (Poole, UK).

Fowler K., Fields W., Hargreaves V., Reeve L, & Bombick B. (2018). Development, qualification, validation and application of the Ames test using a VITROCELL® VC10® smoke exposure system. Toxicology Reports, 5, 542-551.

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