The roots of seedlings of WT, cipk18, com1, com2, and com3 cultured for 3 days under ddH2O and 4 mM NH4Cl, respectively, were photographed at high resolution with a Nikon D7100 digital SLR camera, and root length data were obtained using smartRoot in ImageJ (Lobet and Draye, 2011 (link)). Seedlings of WT and cipk18 that had been cultured for 7 days under control and NH4Cl treatments were selected and divided into groups of five plants to measure biomass, and the average value of individual plants was calculated and repeated three times. The roots of seedlings were drained and weighed directly to obtain fresh weight data, dried in an oven at 70°C for 3 days until their constant weight was obtained, and then weighed again to obtain dry weight data. The roots of 7-day-old rice seedlings were spread as far as possible, and high-resolution photographs were taken with a Nikon D7100 digital SLR camera to obtain root length, diameter, and number data using smartRoot in ImageJ.
D7100
Manufactured by Nikon
Sourced in Japan
The Nikon D7100 is a digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) camera designed for advanced amateur and professional photographers. It features a 24.1-megapixel DX-format CMOS sensor, a 51-point autofocus system, and the ability to record 1080p full HD video at 30 frames per second.
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Lab products found in correlation
Sigma 300 scanning electron microscope, by Zeiss (1 mentions)
Elexsys 2 e500 spectrometer, by Bruker (1 mentions)
Al kα radiation, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Lv100, by Nikon (1 mentions)
Trizol reagent, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Hybond n membrane, by Cytiva (1 mentions)
Plan fluor 10x, by Nikon (1 mentions)
Dmr microscope, by Leica camera (1 mentions)
Eclipse te2000 s, by Nikon (1 mentions)
Ciras 3 portable photosynthesis system, by PP Systems (1 mentions)
Smartspec plus spectrophotometer, by Bio-Rad (1 mentions)
Micro nikkor, by Nikon (1 mentions)
Sb r200, by Nikon (1 mentions)
Lambda 950, by PerkinElmer (1 mentions)
Bh 2 light microscope, by Nikon (1 mentions)
Coolpix 8400, by Nikon (1 mentions)
Mke 400, by Sennheiser (1 mentions)
Dsa100, by Krüss (1 mentions)
D8 advance diffractometer, by Bruker (1 mentions)
Geminisem 500, by Zeiss (1 mentions)
50 protocols using d7100
1
Comparative Analysis of Root Growth
2
Electrospray Characterization Using High-Speed Imaging
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The liquid was supplied by a calibrated syringe pump while high voltages were applied between the nozzle and a plate. Applied voltages were measured using a high voltage probe and a digital multimeter with an accuracy of 0.1%. The liquid meniscus was visualized by a high speed CCD camera (1000 FPS, AOS technology) and a digital camera (D7100, Nikon) combined with a lens (Micro-Nikkor 105 mm f/2.8G from Nikon) and three automatic extension tubes (12, 20, 36 mm, Kenko). The set provided a maximum magnification of 1.65 with a spatial resolution of 2.3 μm for diameter measurements. Jet diameters reported in this paper are averaged values of four images with a mean standard deviation of 3 μm. A white LED was used as an illuminating light source for capturing images. The nozzle was a stainless steel one with an outer diameter of 0.7 mm and an inner diameter of 0.5 mm and the counter electrode (an aluminum plate of 100 × 100 × 2 mm) was fixed at 35 mm from the nozzle tip. Four liquids were used as working fluids. The physical properties of liquids is listed in Table 3 . The basic existing nozzle for emitting the electrospray was a simple cylinder.
3
Tensile Properties of 3D Composite Scaffolds
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Uniaxial tensile tests were performed on the 3D composites of EHD-printed scaffold and fibrin hydrogel (30 mm × 30 mm) using an electromechanical universal testing machine (103 A, Wance, China). The composites were fixed on the testing plate using double-sided adhesive tape and stretched using a load cell of 50 N at a crosshead speed of 1 mm min−1 at room temperature. A digital camera (D7100, Nikon, Japan) was used to keep track of observation on the whole tensile responses. The composites were tested in both horizontal and vertical directions according to the x- and y-direction of the printed plane. Three samples were tested for each composite configuration, and the effective modulus was determined by the slope of the linear stage of the stress–strain curve.
4
Potato Leaf Imaging for Cultivation
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In this study, potato leaves were collected at the potato experimental site of Hebei Agricultural University, which was a representative planting site in northern China (Weichang and Fengning, Chengde City, Hebei Province). Besides, Nikon D7100 camera with a resolution of 6,000 × 4,000 pixels was used to photograph potato leaves, and it was set to close-up mode with automatic adjustment of focus, aperture, and white. The distance between the camera and the potato plant was about 50 cm, and the images were collected in a vertical manner. The three types of potato leaves are displayed in Figure 1 .
5
Histochemical Detection of H2O2 in Leaves
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For the histochemical detection of H2O2 in leaves, the 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB) method was used, following the procedure described by Zhang et al. [71 (link)]. The second-youngest leaves were cut and immersed in a 1 mg·mL−1 solution of DAB (pH 3.8), vacuum-infiltrated for 10 min, and then incubated at room temperature for 4 h in the dark. Subsequently, the leaves were bleached in boiling ethanol, and images were captured with a Nikon D7100 digital camera.
6
Photochromic and Luminescent Tungsten Phosphate Glass
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The optical microscope images were captured by a Nikon (AZ100M) optical microscope equipped with a CCD camera. The photochromic images under daylight and photoluminescence images under the excitation of 365 nm UV lamp were taken by a CCD camera (Nikon D7100, Japan). A mobile phone with a commercial APP official QR code Reader was used for QR code recognition (Supplementary video 1 ). The transmission spectra of tungsten phosphate glass samples before and after photochromism were measured by the U-4100 spectrophotometer. The luminescence and excitation spectra of tungsten phosphate glass were measured by the HITACHIU-F-7000 spectrophotometer using Xe lamp as the light source. An Edinburgh FLS 980 instrument (Edinburgh Instruments Ltd., Livingston, UK) was used to measure the lifetime decay of the glasses. The chemical states of tungsten phosphate glass were characterized by XPS (200 W) with Al Kα radiation (Thermo Fisher Scientific) under vacuum conditions. For the Raman spectra measurement of the samples, the Argon laser with continuous wave (λ = 514 nm) was used as the excitation source. The Bruker model ELEXSYS-IIE500 spectrometer (Bruker, Switzerland) was used to measure the EPR spectra at room temperature. The element distribution was detected by a Zeiss sigma 300 scanning electron microscope with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (SmartEDX).
7
Standardized Facial Photographs for Perceived Age
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An en-face photograph of the face was acquired for all participants under standardized photographic conditions with a digital still camera (Nikon D7100 with Tamron SP AF 17–50 mm F/2.8 XR Di II LD IF camera lens). Camera-to-head distance and camera settings were held constant. Participants had no make-up, and were asked to have a neutral facial expression, remove glasses or earrings, and wear a hairband if needed. Photographs were standardized in terms of size based on pupil distance and an oval was placed around the face to obscure the hairstyle and color.
Photos were assessed in terms of perceived age in an online survey by assessors unaware of participants’ age. Participants were answering an open question: “How old is the person in the photo” and mean values were used in the analyses. We have also calculated an additional variable—perceived aging—that was calculated as a difference between perceived and chronological age (perceived aging = perceived age—chronological age). The higher the values the older a person looks.
Photos were assessed in terms of perceived age in an online survey by assessors unaware of participants’ age. Participants were answering an open question: “How old is the person in the photo” and mean values were used in the analyses. We have also calculated an additional variable—perceived aging—that was calculated as a difference between perceived and chronological age (perceived aging = perceived age—chronological age). The higher the values the older a person looks.
8
Characterization of Transient Electronics
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A digital camera (Nikon D7100) and an optical microscope (Nikon LV100) were used to capture the optical images of samples during the triggered transience. The FTIR was recorded by a Vector 22 FTIR spectrometer. The electrical characteristics of all the devices were measured using a sourcemeter (Keithley 2400). It is noted that the polymer substrates are very sensitive to moisture. All the polymer substrates and fabricated transient electronics were stored in a nitrogen-filled glove box at a relative humidity of 0%.
9
Agrobacterium-Mediated Transient Expression of GFP in Nicotiana benthamiana
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The pCAM‐RBP45, pCAM‐RBP45NΔ, pCAM‐RBP45CΔ, pCAM‐RBP45NΔCΔ, and pCAM‐RBP45N were individually introduced into A. tumefaciens EHA105. The resulting bacteria were then cultured to an optical density (OD) at 600 nm of 1 and mixed in equal volume with the Agrobacterium cells harboring pCAMBIA1300‐35S‐GFP at a similar OD. The resulting mixtures were infiltrated into leaves of the N. benthamiana line 16c at 6 weeks old as previously described (Voinnet et al., 2000 ). The infiltrated leaves were visualized at 3 dpi under UV light with a Black Ray B 100 AP lamp and photographs were taken by a Nikon D7100 digital camera.
Total RNA of the infiltrated leaf tissues (3 dpi) was isolated by TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen). For the gel blot analysis of GFP mRNAs and siRNAs, 15 and 80 µg of total RNA were separated on 1.2% agarose‐formaldehyde gel and 15% denaturing polyacrylamide‐7 M urea gel, respectively, and transferred to Hybond‐N+ membrane (Amersham). The membranes were hybridized with the probes specific to the gfp sequence, using the digoxigenin (DIG)‐labeled RNA probes complementary to the ORF of GFP in the case of mRNA detection, or the DIG‐labeled DNA probes corresponding to nt 280–319 and nt 429–468 of gfp in the case of small RNAs.
Total RNA of the infiltrated leaf tissues (3 dpi) was isolated by TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen). For the gel blot analysis of GFP mRNAs and siRNAs, 15 and 80 µg of total RNA were separated on 1.2% agarose‐formaldehyde gel and 15% denaturing polyacrylamide‐7 M urea gel, respectively, and transferred to Hybond‐N+ membrane (Amersham). The membranes were hybridized with the probes specific to the gfp sequence, using the digoxigenin (DIG)‐labeled RNA probes complementary to the ORF of GFP in the case of mRNA detection, or the DIG‐labeled DNA probes corresponding to nt 280–319 and nt 429–468 of gfp in the case of small RNAs.
10
In-situ Bathroom Ventilation Experiments
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In-situ experiments were carried out in a typical family bathroom, as shown in Fig. 2 C and D in which the two ventilation schemes (Scheme І shown in Fig. 2 C and Scheme ІІІ as shown in Fig. 2 D) for experimentation. For Scheme ІІІ, both standard (ACH was 10 h−1) and large (ACH was 40 h−1) fans were utilized in the experiments for Scheme ІІІ and only a standard fan (ACH was 10 h−1) was adopted in the experiments for Scheme І. An airborne particle counter (Fluke 985) with a sample rate of 1 s−1 and uncertainty of ± 1.00% was then adopted. This method has been verified in other research in that it can identify infectious aerosol particle type sizes (Cao et al., 2022 ). The distance between the test toilet center to the detected location was 0.6 m, and the height of the bowl was 0.600 m from the floor. A smoke generator (Gounengnai 400 W), was used to generate the smoke made from heated glycerol. Alongside this, a circular band light was placed on the internal wall of the bathroom unit to enhance visualization of the airflow pattern. The Camera (a Nikon D7100) was used to record the full process of the smoke-assisted experiment and for macroscopic visualization of flow patterns under the different ventilation schemes. Detailed experimental procedures of visualization experiments of the flushing-induced smoke-assisted are described in Supplementary materials , Section S4.
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