Zaragozic acid

Manufactured by Merck Group

Zaragozic acid is a chemical compound used as a research tool in laboratory settings. It functions as an inhibitor of squalene synthase, an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of cholesterol.

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Close spelling variants of this product

Zaragozic acid (ZA; (2 citations) Zaragozic acid A (2 citations)

5 protocols using zaragozic acid

Antibody Characterization in Cell Lines

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GGTI-2133, FTI-277, and zaragozic acid were purchased from Sigma. Antibodies (Abs) used in this study were: anti-β-tubulin III (Tuj-1, Covance, MMS-435P), anti-sarcomeric α-actinin (Abcam, ab9465), anti-GAPDH (Millipore, MAB374), anti-synaptophysin (Invitrogen, 18–0130), anti-NF68 (Sigma, N5139), anti-Lamin B1 (Abcam, ab16048) and anti-MYC (Santa Cruz, sc-40). All antibodies were used in 1:1000 dilution.

Okamoto-Uchida Y., Yu R., Miyamura N., Arima N., Ishigami-Yuasa M., Kagechika H., Yoshida S., Hosoya T., Nawa M., Kasama T., Asaoka Y., Alois R.W., Elling U., Penninger J.M., Nishina S., Azuma N, & Nishina H. (2016). The mevalonate pathway regulates primitive streak formation via protein farnesylation. Scientific Reports, 6, 37697.

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Evaluating PLO Hemolytic Activity

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The PLO plasmid (pGS59) was a generous gift from Prof BH Jost (University of Arizona, USA), and the DS-PLO mutant plasmid (R219C/G85C) was a kind gift from Prof M Palmer (University of Waterloo, Canada). Proteins were generated as described previously^{16 (link),27 (link),28 (link)}. The abundance of proteins was measured by DC assay, and their purity evaluated using SDS-PAGE and Coomassie blue staining, as described previously^{16 (link)}.
A hemolysis assay was used to determine the activity of PLO, as described previously^{16 (link)}. Optical density (OD₄₅₀) was measured using a microplate reader (POLARstar Omega; BMG Labtech, Offenburg, Germany). Hemolytic units were mathematically determined by 4-parameter modelling using the Solver function in Microsoft Excel. Endotoxin concentrations in stock solutions of PLO were all <1 EU/ml, as determined by LAL assay (LAL endotoxin quantitation kit; Thermo Scientific, Hertfordshire, UK). To examine the potential binding to PLO, 1 μM atorvastatin, 10 μM alendronate, 10 μM zaragozic acid, 1 mM methyl-β-cyclodextrin, and 1 mM cholesterol (all Sigma) were incubated with 100 HU/ml PLO for 1 h, prior to conducting the hemolysis assay.

Griffin S., Preta G, & Sheldon I.M. (2017). Inhibiting mevalonate pathway enzymes increases stromal cell resilience to a cholesterol-dependent cytolysin. Scientific Reports, 7, 17050.

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Inhibition of Mast Cell Signaling

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Cytokines were purchased from Biolegend. Mouse IgE for in vivo studies was generously provided by Dr. Daniel Conrad (VCU). Purified mouse IgE (clone C38-2, κ isotype) was purchased from BD Biosciences (San Diego, CA). Antibodies recognizing mouse CD49b, CD63, TNF, IL-4 and IL-6 were from Biolegend. Antibodies against c-Kit, FcεRI, Syk, IL-13, MIP-1α (CCL-3), MCP-1 (CCL-2), phosphoserine-473-AKT, and phosphothreonine 202/phosphotyrosine 204-ERK-1/2 were from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA). Propidium Iodide and dinitophenyl-coupled human serum albumin (DNP-HSA) were from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Zaragozic acid and all statin drugs except Pitavastatin were from Sigma-Aldrich. Pitavastatin (ab141958) was from Abcam (Cambridge, MA). Farnesylation transferase inhibitor III (FPTIII) and geranylgeranyl transferase inhibitor-286 (GGTI-286) were from Calbiochem (Darmstadt, Germany). Farnesyl diphosphate and geranyl geranyl diphosphate were from Echelon (Salt Lake city, UT).

Kolawole E.M., McLeod J.J., Ndaw V., Abebayehu D., Barnstein B.O., Faber T., Spence A.J., Taruselli M., Paranjape A., Haque T.T., Qayum A.A., Wijesinghe D.S., Sturgill J.L., Chalfant C.E., Straus D.B., Oskeritzian C.A, & Ryan J.J. (2016). Fluvastatin Suppresses Mast Cell and Basophil IgE Responses: Genotype-Dependent Effects. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950), 196(4), 1461-1470.

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Lipid Membrane Composition Analysis

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E. coli CL, E. coli L-α-PG, egg L-α-phosphatidylcholine (eggPC), E.coli L-α-PE, 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-(7-nitro-2-1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl) (NBD-PE), 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE), 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC), and 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine (DOPS) were purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids (Alabaster, AL, USA). 1-(4-Trimethylammoniumphenyl)-6-Phenyl-1,3,5-Hexatriene p-Toluenesulfonate (TMA-DPH) and N-(3-Triethylammoniumpropyl)-4-(6-(4-(Diethylamino) Phenyl) Hexatrienyl) Pyridinium Dibromide (FM4-64), and 1,1′-Dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-Tetramethylindodicarbocyanine (DiD) were from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Molybdenum Blue spray reagent was from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Louis, MI, USA). Carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP) was purchased from Abcam (Branford, CT, USA), and valinomycin was purchased from VWR International (Radnor, Pennsylvania, USA). 3-(N-maleimidylpropionyl)biocytin (MBP) was obtained from Invitrogen (Waltham, MA, USA) and the HRP-conjugated antibody from eBioscience (San Diego, CA, USA). Zaragozic acid was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. 4-acetamido-4′-maleimidylstilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid (AMS) and Zaragozic acid were from obtained from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI, USA).

Landajuela A., Braun M., Rodrigues C.D., Martínez-Calvo A., Doan T., Horenkamp F., Andronicos A., Shteyn V., Williams N.D., Lin C., Wingreen N.S., Rudner D.Z, & Karatekin E. (2021). FisB relies on homo-oligomerization and lipid binding to catalyze membrane fission in bacteria. PLoS Biology, 19(6), e3001314.

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Cholesterol Depletion and Lipid Raft Analysis

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To suppress synthesis and uptake of cholesterol, cells which had been cultured in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10% FBS were washed with RPMI 1640 alone, and then the medium was replaced with RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10% lipoprotein-deficient FCS (Sigma-Aldrich), 10 μM zaragozic acid (Sigma-Aldrich) and 5 μM simvastatin (Sigma-Aldrich). After incubation for 48 h, the cells were washed with Opti-MEM I Reduced-Serum Medium (Invitrogen) and then cultured in Opti-MEM with 10 μM zaragozic acid and 5 μM simvastatin. After incubation for 36 h, the cells were analyzed for lipid rafts fractionation and EMARS reaction as described below.
For removal of cholesterol, cells were treated with 10 mM methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (MβCD) (Sigma-Aldrich) at 37°C for 3 h before analysis.

Miyagawa-Yamaguchi A., Kotani N, & Honke K. (2014). Expressed Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-Anchored Horseradish Peroxidase Identifies Co-Clustering Molecules in Individual Lipid Raft Domains. PLoS ONE, 9(3), e93054.

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