Procaine hydrochloride

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany

Procaine hydrochloride is a chemical compound that is commonly used as a local anesthetic. It is a white, crystalline powder that is soluble in water and alcohol. The primary function of procaine hydrochloride is to block the transmission of pain signals from the site of application to the central nervous system.

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Lab products found in correlation

Fetal bovine serum (fbs), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions) Ethanol, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Heparin, by Ratiopharm (2 mentions) 5 aza 2 deoxycytidine dac, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Penicillin streptomycin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions) Ht22 cells, by Procell (1 mentions) Optimal cutting temperature compound, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions) Paraformaldehyde (pfa), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions) Paraformaldehyde (pfa), by Merck Group (1 mentions) Paraformaldehyde pfa, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Carboxymethylcellulose, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Alpha mem medium, by Lonza (1 mentions) Penicillin streptomycin amphotericin b, by Lonza (1 mentions) Normal human dermal fibroblasts (nhdf), by PromoCell (1 mentions) Diclofenac sodium salt, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Milli q system, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Propranolol hydrochloride, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Liver microsomes, by Xenotech (1 mentions) Analytical grade acetonitrile acn, by Anatech (1 mentions) Milli q purification system, by Merck Group (1 mentions)

Close spelling variants of this product

Procaine (23 citations) Hydrochlorides (2 citations)

13 protocols using procaine hydrochloride

DNA Binding and Anticancer Activity of Procaine

Cited 1 time

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Sodium salt of ct-DNA (D1501, type I, fibers, 41.9 mol% G–C and 58.1 mol% A–T) and procaine hydrochloride (99%) (Scheme S1†) were purchased from Sigma, USA. Rests of the chemicals were of high purity grades or molecular biology grades and the details of all the materials used are given in ESI.† Stock solutions of ct-DNA were prepared by reported methods and the ratio of absorbance at 260 nm and 280 nm was in the range of 1.8–1.9. For experimental binding studies, we have used UV-visible, fluorescence, circular dichroism spectroscopies and viscometry.^{20 (link)} For molecular modelling the geometries of procaine and DNA bases were optimized at DFT/BP RI by ORCA.²¹ Autodock 4.2.3 program was used to perform docking calculations of B-DNAs with procaine.^{22 (link)} Anticancer activities of procaine alone and in combination of doxorubicin on MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines were performed using well established methods. Detailed information of all experiments and computational studies is given in ESI.†

Ali M.S., Farah M.A., Al-Lohedan H.A, & Al-Anazi K.M. (2018). Comprehensive exploration of the anticancer activities of procaine and its binding with calf thymus DNA: a multi spectroscopic and molecular modelling study. RSC Advances, 8(17), 9083-9093.

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Differentiation of Mouse Myoblasts

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Mouse myoblasts C2C12 cells and mouse neuron HT22 cells (Procell Life Science & Technology, Shanghai, China) were cultured in 10% FBS (Gibco, Grand Island, NY, USA) supplemented with 1% penicillin/streptomycin (Gibco). The C2C12 cell culture medium was removed completely at 90% cell confluence, and the DMEM medium containing 2% horse serum was added to induce differentiation of myoblasts. Subsequent experiments were carried out after 5 days of cell differentiation. Cells were incubated at 37 °C in a humidified incubator with 5% CO₂. The 5‐aza‐2′‐deoxycytidine (DAC) and the procaine hydrochloride were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA).

Lin J., Tao L., Deng L., Zhou R., Lou S., Chen S., Chen X., Lu C., Li P, & Hu B. (2023). Epigenome‐wide DNA methylation analysis of myasthenia gravis. FEBS Open Bio, 13(7), 1375-1389.

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Transcardial Perfusion for Mouse Brain Extraction

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To collect tissue, mice were anesthetized with ketamine (250 mg/kg i.p.) and perfused transcardially with 32°C phosphate buffered saline (PBS) containing procaine hydrochloride (1g/L; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) and heparin (1USP unit/mL; Sagent Pharmaceuticals, Schaumburg, IL) for 2 min, followed by room-temperature (~21°C) 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA; Sigma-Aldrich) in PBS for 2 min, then with ice cold 4% PFA in PBS for 5 min. Extracted brains were incubated in 4% PFA in PBS for 48 h at 4°C with gentle shaking, then cryoprotected in 30% sucrose in PBS for 48 h. Brains were embedded in Optimal Cutting Temperature compound (Fisher Healthcare, Houston, TX) and frozen in isopentane (Avantor Performance Materials, Center Valley, PA) cooled with a bath of 95% EtOH and dry ice. Brains were kept frozen at −80°C until sectioned in the parasagittal plane on a cryostat (Microm Model HM 505E, Waldorf, Germany) at 50 μm. Floating sections were kept at −20°C in freezing medium (0.05 M phosphate buffer pH 7.4, 25% glycerol and 25% ethylene glycol).

Bird C.W., Taylor D.H., Pinkowski N.J., Chavez G.J, & Valenzuela C.F. (2018). LONG-TERM REDUCTIONS IN THE POPULATION OF GABAERGIC INTERNEURONS IN THE MOUSE HIPPOCAMPUS FOLLOWING DEVELOPMENTAL ETHANOL EXPOSURE. Neuroscience, 383, 60-73.

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Cytotoxicity Evaluation of CMC-PA-P Formulations

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All chemicals obtained from commercial suppliers were used without further purification. Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), phytic acid (PA, 50 wt.% in water) and procaine hydrochloride (P) were supplied by Sigma Aldrich. In vitro cytocompatibility tests were performed on normal dermal fibroblasts (NHDF, PromoCell, Heidelberg, Germany). The cells were grown in alpha-MEM medium (Lonza, Basel, Switzerland) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Gibco, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) and 1% penicillin–streptomycin–amphotericin B (10 K/10 K/25 μg, Lonza, Basel, Switzerland). An Ultra Clear TWF UV system was used to produce the deionized water that was used for the experiments.

Ghilan A., Nita L.E., Pamfil D., Simionescu N., Tudorachi N., Rusu D., Rusu A.G., Bercea M., Rosca I., Ciolacu D.E, & Chiriac A.P. (2022). One-Step Preparation of Carboxymethyl Cellulose—Phytic Acid Hydrogels with Potential for Biomedical Applications. Gels, 8(10), 647.

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Determination of Diclofenac Metabolism

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All used organic solvents (VWR, Leuven, Belgium) were HPLC grade. Water was purified and deionized with a Milli-Q system manufactured by Millipore (Bedford, MA, USA). The estradiol valerate (purity 99%) was purchased from Aca Pharma NV (Certa, Nazareth, Belgium) and used as internal standard. Procaine hydrochloride (purity >97%) and diclofenac sodium salt (≥98%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, USA) and Fagron, Belgium, respectively. Pooled male mouse liver microsomes, NADPH regenerating system and 0.5 M potassium phosphate (pH = 7.4) were obtained from Corning (Fischer Scientific, Tournai, Belgium) while human plasma was obtained from CHU patients (O-, Liège, Belgique). HCl 37% (Acros Organics) was used to prepare pH 1.2 acidified water.

Schioppa L., Fall F., Ortiz S., Poupaert J.H, & Quetin-Leclercq J. (2021). A Validated HPLC-PDA-HRMS Method to Investigate the Biological Stability and Metabolism of Antiparasitic Triterpenic Esters. Molecules, 26(23), 7154.

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Comparative Analysis of Procaine and GH3

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Procaine hydrochloride (CAS No. 51-05-8) and all other routine reagents were of the highest purity commercially available and were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Commercially available Gerovital H3 (GH3) (Zentiva, Romania—approved by the National Agency of Medicines and Medical Devices according to no. 1583/2012/01 governmental order) injectable solution (2% Procaine hydrochloride, 0.12% benzoic acid, 0.10% potassium metabisulphite, 0.01% disodium phosphate, and pH 3.3) was purchased from a national pharmacy. To test comparatively the effect of GH3 versus the procaine effect, a working solution of 2% (w/v, in distilled water) Procaine hydrochloride was prepared and systematically used in each experimental model.

Ungurianu A., Margina D., Borsa C., Ionescu C., von Scheven G., Oziol L., Faure P., Artur Y., Bürkle A., Gradinaru D, & Moreno-Villanueva M. (2020). The Radioprotective Effect of Procaine and Procaine-Derived Product Gerovital H3 in Lymphocytes from Young and Aged Individuals. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2020, 3580934.

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Purification and Characterization of Compounds

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Compounds RMB041, -043, and -073 were prepared and purified [purity ≥ 96%, determined via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)] (Beteck et al., 2018 (link)). Human plasma was obtained from the Western Province blood transfusion services (Cape Town, South Africa). Potassium dihydrogen phosphate and dipotassium hydrogen phosphate were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Analytical-grade acetonitrile (ACN) was purchased from Anatech (Johannesburg, South Africa). Analytical-grade dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), formic acid (FA), carbamazepine, propranolol hydrochloride, warfarin, procaine hydrochloride, and vinpocetine were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, United States). Water was purified via a Milli-Q purification system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, United States). Liver microsomes were obtained from Xenotech (Kansas City, KS, United States).

Tanner L., Haynes R.K, & Wiesner L. (2019). An in vitro ADME and in vivo Pharmacokinetic Study of Novel TB-Active Decoquinate Derivatives. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 10, 120.

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Spectroscopic Characterization of Donor-Acceptor Interactions

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2,3-Dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) (purity 98%), atenolol (purity ≥98%); procaine hydrochloride (purity 99.9%), tetrabutylammonium hydroxide solution (0.1 mol L -1 in organic solvent, which is a mixture of 2-propanol and methanol), ethanol (≥99.8%) and acetonitrile (99.9%)
were Sigma Aldrich products. ethanol-d 6 (anhydrous, ≥99%) and acetonitrile-d 3 (≥99.8%) were
Euriso-top products.
The solutions of the donors were prepared by dissolving the drugs in the solvent and were stored at 4°C. The solutions of the acceptor molecule (DDQ) were always freshly prepared.
Procaine does not interact with DDQ if it is protonated, which is the case for the commercial (hydrochloride) form. Therefore, we used the commercial solution of tetrabutylammonium hydroxide to neutralize the procaine solutions, immediately before mixing them with DDQ.

Berto S., Chiavazza E., Ribotta V., Daniele P.G., Barolo C., Giacomino A., Vione D, & Malandrino M. (2015). Charge-transfer complexes of 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone with amino molecules in polar solvents. Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy, 149.

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Quantitative Analysis of Illicit Substances

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Cocaine hydrochloride (99.4%) was purchased from Lipomed (Arlesheim, Switzerland). Phenacetin (98.0%), diltiazem hydrochloride (p.a.), lidocaine hydrochloride monohydrate (p.a.), procaine hydrochloride (p.a.), hydroxyzine dihydrochloride (98.0%), benzocaine (p.a.), acetaminophen (99.0%), ephedrine hydrochloride (99.0%), creatine (p.a.), diphenhydramine hydrochloride (99.0%), phenylephrine hydrochloride (p.a.), ibuprofen (98.0%), antipyrine (98.0%), atropine (99.0%), ascorbic acid (99.0%) and myo-inositol (99.0%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA). Benzoic acid (99.5%) and levamisole hydrochloride (99.0%) were purchased from Acros organics (Morris Plains, NJ, USA).

Eliaerts J., Dardenne P., Meert N., Van Durme F., Samyn N., Janssens K, & De Wael K. (2017). Rapid classification and quantification of cocaine in seized powders with ATR-FTIR and chemometrics. Drug testing and analysis, 9(10).

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Sperm Viability Evaluation Protocol

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Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS), fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Batch: 07G8814F) and DMEM/Nutrient Mixture F-12 (DMEM-F12) were purchased from Gibco Life Technologies. Propidium iodide (PI), SYBR14 (LIVE/DEAD Sperm Viability kit), Hoechst 33342, Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated goat anti-mouse antibody and fluo-4 AM were obtained from Molecular Probes (Ghent, Belgium). Monoclonal 4G10 Platinum, anti-phosphotyrosine mouse antibody was obtained from Millipore (Overijse, Belgium). Triton X-100, PNA-FITC, fatty acid-free BSA (A9418; cell culture tested), EDTA, procaine hydrochloride, calcium ionophore A23187 and all other chemicals not listed otherwise were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich.

Leemans B., Gadella B.M., Stout T.A., Nelis H., Hoogewijs M, & Van Soom A. (2015). An alkaline follicular fluid fraction induces capacitation and limited release of oviduct epithelium-bound stallion sperm. Reproduction (Cambridge, England), 150(3).

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