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Rat monoclonal anti mouse cd31

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The Rat monoclonal anti-mouse CD31 is a laboratory reagent used to detect the CD31 (also known as PECAM-1) protein in mouse samples. CD31 is a cell adhesion molecule expressed on the surface of endothelial cells, platelets, and some immune cells. This antibody can be used to identify and study these cell types in various research applications.

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9 protocols using rat monoclonal anti mouse cd31

1

Microvessel Density Quantification in Tumors

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Immunohistochemistry was performed as described previously59 (link). To investigate the microvessel density (MVD) in tumour tissues, frozen sections were fixed in acetone and stained with monoclonal rat anti-mouse CD31 (murine endothelial cell marker, BD Pharmingen). The MVD was estimated by averaging the total number of microvessels from five high-power fields per section as described previously60 (link).
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2

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Tumor Angiogenesis

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Blocks of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded mouse subcutaneous tumors were used. Tissue sections (5 μm) were deparaffinized with xylene, rehydrated in ethanol, antigen retrieval was performed by boiling in 10 mM citrate buffer (pH 6.0) for 30 min. After inhibition endogenous peroxidase activity with 0.3% H2O2 for 10 min, sections were blocked in 2% serum in PBS for 30 min, incubated with monoclonal rat anti-mouse CD31 (1:50; BD Bioscience) at 4 °C overnight, followed by secondary antibody incubation and visualized with Envision System Dako, Carpinteria, CA, USA). Sections were counterstained with hematoxylin. All sections were observed and imaged with a microscope (Carl Zeiss, Germany).
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3

Cell Viability and Apoptosis Assays for Gastric Cancer

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Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) was obtained from Sigma Chemical Co. (Saint Louis, MO, USA). DAPI was purchased from Beyotime Biotechnology (Wuhan, China). 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) was acquired from Sigma Chemical Co. for the purpose of assaying cell viability. The annexin-V-FLUOS Staining Kit was purchased from Roche Applied Science (Indianapolis, IN, USA). Rat monoclonal anti-mouse CD31 and mouse monoclonal anti-human CD31 antibodies were bought from BD Pharmingen (San Jose, CA, USA) and Gene Tech Co. Ltd. (Shanghai, China), respectively. The Cell Death Detection Kit for terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase–mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) was obtained from Roche Applied Science (Indianapolis, IN, USA). The αvβ3 integrin antibody was purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA). The human NRP-1 antibody was purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, MA, USA). We purchased the human gastric carcinoma cell lines, MKN45 and KATOIII, from the Cell Bank of the Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (Shanghai, China).
We cultured all human cell lines in RPMI-1640 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) with glutamine, streptomycin, penicillin and 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Invitrogen) at 37 °C and 5% CO2.
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4

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Tumor Vasculature

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Immunohistochemical staining of whole-mount tissue samples was performed. Tumor tissues were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde overnight and cut into small pieces. Tissues were digested at room temperature with 20 mM proteinase K in 10 mM Tris buffer (pH 7.5) for 5 min, followed by incubation in 100% methanol for 30 min. Tissues were washed with PBS and incubated overnight at 4 °C in PBS containing 3% skim milk in 0.3% Triton X-100, followed by incubation with the indicated combinations of a rat monoclonal anti-mouse CD31 (1:200; BD-Pharmingen, Bedford, MA, USA) and a rabbit polyclonal anti-LYVE-1 (1:200; AngioBio, Del Mar, CA, USA). Samples were thoroughly rinsed, and blood as well as lymph vessels were detected using fluorescently labeled secondary antibodies of Alexa Fluor 555-labeled goat anti-rat (1:200; Invitrogen), and Cy5-labeled goat anti-rabbit (1:200; Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA), respectively. After washing, tissues were mounted using Vectashield mounting medium (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA, USA) and were analyzed by confocal microscopy (Nikon C1 Confocal microscope, Nikon Corporation, Japan).
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5

Histological and Immunofluorescence Analysis

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Tissues were embedded, sectioned and stained for hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) by Tufts Histology Core. Necrotic areas were identified and quantified using ImageJ software (NIH). For immunofluorescence (IF), frozen sections were fixed in methanol and treated with 0.1% Triton X-100 (Sigma). Samples were incubated overnight at 4°C with the following primary antibodies diluted with 1.5% goat serum and 1% BSA/PBS: rat monoclonal anti-mouse CD31 (1:200; BD Biosciences; cat. no. 55027), rabbit polyclonal anti-human Ki67 (1:200; Abcam; cat. no. ab15580) or rat monoclonal anti-mouse F4/80 (1:200; eBioscience; cat. no. 17-4801-80). Sections were incubated with goat anti-mouse or anti-rabbit Alexa fluor 546 secondary antibodies (1:250; Invitrogen; anti-mouse A11003; anti-rabbit A11010) for 30 minutes at room temperature. Sections were mounted with Vectashield mounting media with DAPI (Vector Laboratories) and coverslipped. Images were captured using a Nikon Eclipse 80t microscope with SPOT imaging software (Diagnostic Instruments, Inc.).
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6

Multiparametric Immunofluorescence Imaging

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Primary antibodies used include Living Colors anti-DsRed Rabbit Polyclonal Pan Antibody (1:500; TaKaRa), Chicken Polyclonal anti-GFP (1:300, Aves labs), Rat Monoclonal anti-mouse CD31 (1:100, clone MEC 13.3, BD Pharmingen), Rat Monoclonal anti-Endomucine (1:200, clone V.7C7.1, Abcam), Rat Monoclonal anti mouse CD4 (1:100, clone RM4–5, Biolegend), Goat anti mouse VEGFR3 (1:300, clone Flt-4, R&D systems), Alexa Fluor 488 anti-aSMA monoclonal Antibody (1:200, clone 1A4, eBioscience), eFluor 660 anti-LYVE1 monoclonal Antibody (1:300, clone ALY7, eBioscience), Alexa Fluor 647 anti-CD4 (1:100, Clone RM4–5, Biolegend,), APC anti-CD45 (1:100, clone 30-F11, Biolegend). As necessary the following secondary antibodies were used at 1:400 dilution: Alexa Fluor 555 donkey anti-rabbit IgG (H+L) cross-adsorbed (ThermoFisher Scientific) and Alexa Fluor 647 donkey anti-rat IgG (H+L) cross-adsorbed (Abcam). CF™ 488A donkey anti-chicken IgY (H+L), cross-adsorbed (Sigma-Aldrich)
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7

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Proliferation and Apoptosis

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Paraffin-embedded tissues were used to detect cell proliferation (with Ki67) and apoptosis (with cleaved caspase 3). The sections were incubated with the Ki67 antibody (1:400; Dako) and monoclonal mouse antibody against cleaved caspase 3 (1:100; Biocare Medical, Concord, CA). CD31 staining with rat monoclonal anti-mouse CD31 (1:800, PharMingen, San Diego, CA) was performed on frozen sections. Additional details regarding IHC method are provided in the Supplementary Methods (available online).
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8

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Tumor Angiogenesis

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Paraffin-embedded orthotopic tumor specimens were used in immunohistochemical staining to detect microvessel density (with CD31). For CD31 detection, frozen sections were fixed in cold acetone for 15 minutes, washed with PBS, blocked with protein blocker (4% fish gel), and then incubated with rat monoclonal anti-mouse CD31 (1:800; BD Biosciences, San Diego, California) overnight at 4°C as previously described [32 (link)].
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9

Tumor Vasculature Visualization in Mice

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The H22 tumor-bearing mice were injected with FITC-labeled CS NPs and PBA-CS NPs while the subcutaneously transplanted tumor volume reached an average size of about 200 mm3. These mice were sacrificed after 24 h injected and tumors were quickly excised. Tumors were washed with PBS (7.4) for three times and immersed in paraformaldehyde (4%) solution for 6 h at 4 oC. Afterwards, tumors were co-incubated with sucrose solution (25%) for overnight and frozen in O.C.T. embedding medium at -80 oC for 20 min. Tumors were then cut into 6 μm sections for further use. The sections were rehydrated in Triton X-100 solution (0.1% in PBS) for 15 min and incubated with BSA (3% in PBS) solution for 60 min at 37 ◦C. After then the sections were incubated with a primary monoclonal antibody (1:400, rat monoclonal anti-mouse CD31, BD Pharmingen, San Jose, California) for 60 min in a humidified chamber at 37 ◦C. Next, the sections were washed with tween 20 (0.05% in PBS v/v) for 5 min and then counterstained with an Alexa 594 conjugated donkey anti-rat secondary antibody (1:1000, Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR) and an Alex 488 conjugated streptavidin (1:1000; Invitrogen, Camarillo, CA) in a humidified chamber at 37 ◦C in the dark for 0.5 h. At last, the tumor sections were washed with PBS (7.4) for three times and stained with DAPI. The sections were then observed with a LSM 710.
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