Deionized water h2o

Aluminum foil (Al, product number: 326860-3.6G), glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆, product number: PHR1000-1G), magnesium chloride (MgCl₂, product number 449172-10G), oxalic acid (C₂H₂O₄, product number: 247537-500G), perchloric acid (HClO₄, product number: 311421-250ML), phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄, product number: 695017-500ML), sodium hydroxide (NaOH, product number: 306576-100G), and deionized water (H₂O, product number: W4502-1L with a resistivity of 18 MΩ) were procured from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MI, USA). These reagents were employed as provided, without any further purification, ensuring the consistency of experimental conditions.

The utilized powder material is a commercial foundry silica sand (SiO₂), with a mean diameter of 150 μm and bulk density of 2.8 g/ml, which was obtained from ExOne Corporation, USA. The PEI (branched polyethyleneimine (M_w ~ 800 g/mol and M_n ~ 600 g/mol) was obtained from Sigma Aldrich and used without further purification. 1-Propanol, ACS, 99.5 + %, and deionized water (H₂O) were obtained from Sigma Aldrich and used as received. Iso-propanol (70% concentration) was obtained from McMaster-Carr and used as received.