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28 protocols using mg132

1

Inhibitors for DNA Damage Response

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A list of all antibodies used in this study can be found in Supplementary Table 1. The following reagents were used: ATM inhibitor KU59933 (Tocris), ATR inhibitor VE-831, DNA-PKs inhibitor KU57788 (NU7441), PARP inhibitor PJ34 (Selleckchem, Houston, TX, USA), SUMO inhibitor 2D-08 (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA), MG132, cycloheximide, and dimethyl sulfoxide (AG Scientific, San Diego, CA, USA).
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2

Inhibition of Protein Synthesis and Degradation

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Cycloheximide (CHX) was purchased from A.G. Scientific, dissolved in ultra-pure water and used at final concentration of 50 µg/ml. MG132 was purchased from A.G. Scientific, dissolved in DMSO and utilized at final concentrations specified in figure legends.
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3

Flg22 and MG132 Protoplast Treatments

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The concentration of flg22 used in this study is 0.1 μM (for the treatment of protoplasts and seedlings) and 0.5 μM (for callose deposition assay). For the seedling treatments, the concentration of MG132 (AG Scientific #99533–80-9) is 2 μM.
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4

Palmitic Acid Signaling Pathway Modulation

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Palmitic acid (C16:0, PA) (Sigma, Burlington, MA, USA) was added to the cell culture medium as a PA-BSA complex, as described[8 (link)]. mTOR inhibitor RAD001 (20 nM, 16h) and S6K inhibitor NaSal (10 mM, 16h) were purchased from MedChemExpress (Monmouth Junction, NJ, USA) and Selleck (Houston, TX, USA), respectively. The proteasome inhibitor MG132 (20 μM, 6h) was purchased from A.G Scientific (San Diego, CA, USA). The lysosomal inhibitor leupeptin (50 μM, 16h) was purchased from Sigma (Burlington, MA, USA). The GSK3β inhibitor TWS119 (10 μM, 16h) was obtained from Santa Cruze (Dallas, Texas, USA). Cycloheximide (50 μM) was purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA). Anti-PTEN, anti-Phospho-PTEN (Ser380), anti-p70S6K, anti-Phospho-p70S6K (T389) antibodies were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA). Anti-Phospho-PTEN (Thr366) antibody was purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, MA, USA). Anti-vinculin, anti-HA, anti-WWP2 antibodies and PTEN-siRNA (EHU106441) were purchased from Sigma (Burlington, MA, USA). WWP2-siRNA (sc-40362) and control-siRNA (sc-37007) were obtained from Santa Cruze (Dallas, Texas, USA). S6K and mTOR inhibitors were added to cells for 1 h before PA treatment.
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5

Immunoblotting and Immunoprecipitation Assay

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For immunoblotting, phosphate-buffered saline-resuspended cell lysates were mixed with 2X SDS sample buffer in a 1:1 ratio and boiled for 10 min. For immunoprecipitation, cells were lysed in a buffer containing 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, 0.5% Triton X-100, and a protease inhibitor cocktail (Roche, Switzerland). Proteins from cell extracts were sequentially immunoprecipitated with anti-Flag M2 agarose (A2220; Sigma-Aldrich) overnight at 4°C and Protein G-Sepharose (GE Healthcare) for 2 h at 4°C. Samples were mixed with the 2X SDS sample buffer in a 1:1 ratio and boiled for 5 min. Immunoprecipitated proteins were analyzed by western blotting using anti-HA (12013819001; Sigma-Aldrich), anti-Flag (F3165; Sigma-Aldrich), and anti-β-actin (A300-491A; Bethyl Laboratories, USA). Proteins were detected using enhanced chemiluminescence reagents (GE Healthcare) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. MG132 was purchased from A.G. Scientific (M-1157).
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6

Analyzing Ubiquitinated Protein Interactions

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HEK293T cells transfected with His-ubiquitin and tagged plasmids as indicated were synchronized by treatment with 100 ng/mL nocodazole for 18 h followed by treatment with 10 μM MG132 (A.G. Scientific. Inc.) for 4 h. The cells were lysed with Urea lysis buffer (8 M Urea, 0.3 M NaCl, 50 mM Na2HPO4, 50 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), 10 mM Imidazole, pH 8) and sonicated. About 3–5 mg of lysates were incubated with Ni-NTA agarose (Qiagen) for 6 h at 4 °C. The beads were washed with Urea washing buffer (8 M Urea, 0.3 M NaCl, 50 mM Na2HPO4, 50 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM PMSF, 20 mM Imidazole, pH 8) and eluted in 6 × SDS sample buffer. The samples were detected by western blot analysis. Full blot images used in this study are provided in Supplementary Fig. 7.
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7

Treatment with flg22 and Pep1

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The elicitors flg22 and Pep1 were reported previously [48 (link)]. MG132 (AG Scientific #99533-80-9) and K252a (AG Scientific #133407-82-6) were diluted from DMSO stock solutions (2 mM for MG132 and 2 mM for K252a).
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8

Mammalian Cell Culture and Transfection

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Mammalian cells used in this study, including HEK293, HEK293-pre1-HTBH, HEK293-trex-htau40 and C2C12 cells, were grown in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS, 2 mM glutamine, and 100 units per ml penicillin/streptomycin. Cells were maintained in a humidified incubator with 5% CO2 at 37 °C. For transfection, cells were treated with 1–2 μg of total plasmid DNA in a 6-well culture plate (>95% confluent or at a density of 106 cells per well) for 36–48 h using Lipofectamine 3000 (Invitrogen). Cell lysates were prepared in RIPA buffer 36–48 h post transfection and were used for immunoblotting. For chase analysis, wild type and α3ΔN cells were treated with 75 μg ml−1 cycloheximide (Enzo Life Sciences) and samples were isolated at chase times 0, 20, 40 and 60 min after 4 h transient MG132 (AG Scientific, San Diego, CA, USA) treatment and vigorous washing with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). For stable cell line maintenance, transfected cells were cultured with DMEM medium containing 600 mg ml−1 G418 (Santa Cruz) and 10% FBS. Fluorescence images were obtained after cells were extensively rinsed three times with PBS.
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9

EGF and Alexa Fluor 555-EGF Experiments

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EGF was purchased from Sigma. Alexa Fluor 555-EGF was obtained from Invitrogen. Cycloheximide and MG132 were purchased from AG scientific (San Diego, CA, USA).
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10

Preparation and Application of Aβ3(pE)-42 Oligomers

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Aβ3(pE)-42 oligomers (Anaspec, #AS‐20,276; Fremont, CA) were prepared according to a previously established protocol [28 (link)]. The lyophilized peptide was dissolved in 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP) to 0.5 mg/ml and the aliquots were stored at − 80 °C. HFIP was evaporated for 24 h at room temperature. The peptide was dissolved in 0.1 M NaOH, diluted in NB medium buffered with 0.1 M HCl, and incubated for 24 h. The oligomers were added directly to cultures at a final concentration of 500 nM [24 (link)]. The neural precursor cell-expressed developmentally down-regulated gene 8 (NEDD8) inhibitor MLN-4924 (#A-1139, Active Biochem, Hong Kong, China) was directly applied to the culture medium at a final concentration of 1 μM [29 ]. MG-132 (#M-1157, AG Scientific, San Diego, CA) was used in cell culture experiments at a final concentration of 20 µM.
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