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86 protocols using dhr 3 rheometer

1

Rheological Evaluation of Biomaterials

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Oscillatory rheological analysis was performed with a DHR3 rheometer (TA Instruments, New Castle, DE, USA) equipped with a 35 mm parallel plate geometry, at a constant temperature of 37 °C to simulate the conditions in the human body.
Compression experiments were performed on a DHR3 rheometer (TA Instruments) equipped with rough 25 mm parallel plate geometry. For these tests, the gap was set to 1 mm. A frequency sweep from 0.5 to 5 Hz at 0.1% strain was performed. The gap was then set to 0.9 mm at 5 μm/s. Another frequency test was performed. The gap was then set to 1 mm again at the same speed. Another frequency test was performed. The cycle was then repeated 10 times in total.
To evaluate cohesivity and stretchability, extensional measures were carried on a Caber rheometer (Thermo Fisher, St. Louis, MA, USA) with 4 mm steel pads. The tests were performed over a distance of 10 mm in 9 s and the evolution of the normalized sample diameter with time was recorded.
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2

Interfacial Rheology of Polymer Solutions

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Interfacial rheological properties of polymer solutions were measured by using a double wall ring (DWR) fixture on a TA Instruments DHR-III rheometer. The DWR trough was loaded with 20 mL of water. The upper DWR fixture was lowered until it made initial contact with the water, as determined by visual observation of the water surface. Then 60 μL of a solution containing 1.0 wt % of the copolymer in chloroform was applied dropwise to the surface of the trough. A freshly prepared copolymer solution was used for each run. The solution was allowed to evaporate for 300 seconds. To ensure formation of a stable polymer interface, G’ and G” were measured at a stress of 0.1% and a frequency of 1 rad/s as a function of time. Samples typically took 20 min to reach equilibrium. After this time, stress sweeps and frequency sweeps were performed. Before each copolymer system was tested, amplitude sweep tests were performed at a constant frequency, but at variable amplitudes to ensure the frequency sweep tests were performed within the linear viscoelastic regime. All tests were performed at 25 °C.
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3

Rheological Characterization of Bovine Collagen

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Rheology measurements with different concentrations of bovine collagen were performed using DHRIII Rheometer (TA Instruments). 50 µl of the neutralized collagen solution (pH 7.0-7.4) was placed between two parallel plates of 12 mm diameter pre-heated to either 25°C or 37°C. The shear moduli were measured at frequency ω – 3 rad/s at 37°C as described previously (37 (link)). All experiments were performed in triplicates.
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4

Interfacial Rheology of Copolymer Solutions

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Interfacial rheological properties of copolymer solutions were measured using a DWR fixture on a TA Instruments DHR-III rheometer. The protocol for the interfacial rheology experiments was similar to that used by Won and co-workers[8 (link)] for PLGA films. The DWR trough was loaded with 20 mL of water. The upper DWR fixture was lowered until it made initial contact with water; this point was determined by visual observation of the water surface. 60 μL of a 1% w/v solution of copolymer in chloroform was applied dropwise to the surface of the trough. A freshly prepared copolymer solution was used for each run. The solution was allowed to evaporate for 300 s. To ensure formation of a stable polymer interface, G′ and G″ were measured at a stress of 0.1% and a frequency of 1 rad s−1 as a function of time. Samples typically took 20 min to reach equilibrium. After this time, stress sweeps and frequency sweeps were performed as described below. Before each copolymer system was tested, amplitude sweep tests were performed at a constant frequency but at variable amplitudes to ensure that the frequency sweep tests were performed within the linear viscoelastic (LVE) regime. All tests were performed at 25 °C.
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5

Rheological Analysis of Bovine Collagen

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Rheology measurements with different concentrations of bovine collagen were performed using DHRIII Rheometer (TA Instruments). For figure 1.b, 50 µl of the neutralized collagen solution (pH 7.0-7.4) was placed between two parallel plates of 12 mm diameter pre-heated to either 25ºC or 37ºC to polymerized collagen solutions. The shear moduli were measured at frequency ω -3 rad/s while the temperature was at 37°C as described previously (Madsen and Cox, 2017) . All experiments were performed in triplicates.
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6

Tobramycin Solution Characterization

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The following data were collected: baseline temperature, pH and viscosity of the tobramycin solution and nebulisation time. The viscosity of the tobramycin solution was determined at a constant temperature of 25 °C using a DHR-3 Rheometer (TA Instruments, USA). Particle size distributions were expressed as dv10 (volume diameter under which 10% of the sample resides), dv50 (volume median diameter) and dv90 (volume diameter under which 90% of the sample resides). In addition to dv10, dv50 and dv90, the percentages of particles between sizes 1 and 5 μm (the sizes conventionally considered for lung deposition) obtained from the laser diffractometer were included in this work.
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7

Thermo-rheological Properties of Calcium Caseinate Premixes

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Small-amplitude oscillatory strain (SAOS) experiments were performed with a temperature sweep to determine the thermo-rheological properties of the calcium caseinate premixes at moisture contents of 60%, 65%, and 70%. Measurements were carried out using a DHR-3 rheometer (TA Instruments, New Castle, DE, USA) with parallel plate geometry (diameter of 40 mm, gap of 1 mm). The circular samples were transferred from the premixes to the rheometer. The edges were covered with silicon oil to prevent desiccation. First, the temperature was increased from 30 °C to 90 °C at a linear rate of 5 °C/min. Then, the samples were cooled down to 30 °C at the same linear rate. The amplitude was a constant strain of 1%, and the frequency was set to f = 1 Hz (i.e., linear viscoelastic region of the calcium caseinate premix). The storage modulus (G′), loss modulus (G″), complex viscosity (η*), and loss tangent (tan δ = G″/G′) were recorded as functions of time. The gel–sol transition temperature (Tgel–sol) was defined as the temperature at which the storage modulus and loss modulus were equal (i.e., G′ = G″; tan δ = 1).
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8

Rheological Characterization of Materials

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Example 6

Rheology Measurement

Rheological experiments were performed on a DHR-3 rheometer from TA Instruments. The experiments were conducted using DIN concentric cylinder geometry with 28 cm bob diameter and 30.43 cm cup diameter. Steady shear rheology analysis was performed at 80° C. and 0.001-1000 (1/s) shear range. Dynamic shear rheology analysis was performed at 80° C. using a frequency range of 0.1-100 rad/s and 10% strain.

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9

Rheological Characterization of SPAAC Hydrogels

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Example 6

Characterization of SPAAC Hydrogel Formation

Oscillatory rheology was performed on a TA Instruments DHR-3 rheometer with an 8 mm parallel plate geometry and a quartz lower plate to allow UV illumination. Allyl sulfide crosslinked SPAAC hydrogels were prepared by mixing stock solutions of 20 wt % PEG-DBCO in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and 30 mM allyl sulfide bis(azide) 2 in 1:1 DMSO:distilled H2O to a final concentration of 7.5 wt % PEG-DBCO and 8.25 mM 2 in PBS. The precursor solution was vortexed for 5 s and placed on the rheometer with the gap immediately lowered to 260 μm. Hydrogel gelation kinetics were characterized and evaluated in situ by measuring the evolution of the storage and loss moduli (G′ and G″). Measurements were taken with an oscillatory shear strain of 1% and a frequency of 1 rad/s (within the linear viscoelastic range).

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10

Examining Bacteria's Effect on Pluronic Gelation

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Example 2

In order to check the effect of the bacteria on Pluronic gelation temperature, the following solutions were examined in the rheometer: Pluronic solution (final concentration of 18% (w/v) in DDW), Pluronic solution 18% (w/v) mixed with Bacillus solution (10:1 respectively) and Pluronic solution 18% (w/v) mixed with LB solution (10:1 respectively). One ml of each solution (n=4) was dropped on DHR-3 Rheometer (TA Instruments, New Castle, Del., USA) stage. The method that was used was “temperature ramp”-G′ was measured during stage heating from 4° C. to 45° C., frequency 1 rad/sec, 1% strain.

As a next step, it was important to check if the presence of the bacteria influence the gelation temperature. Using rheology analysis, G′ was measured during changes of temperature from 4° C. to 45° C. In the results graph (FIG. 2E) it can be seen that all three curves, represent a different solution: Pluronic 18% (w/v), Pluronic 18% (w/v) with LB and Pluronic with bacteria (in LB), intersect at the same point, meaning, the bacteria do not affect the gelation temperature, the gelation temperature remains 37° C.

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