Cotrimoxazole

Susceptibility testing was done on Mueller–Hinton agar using disk diffusion technique according to Kirby–Bauer Method (Bauer et al. 1966 ). The antimicrobial agents tested were: ampicillin (10 µg), amikacin (30 µg), ciprofloxacin (5 µg), cotrimoxazole (25 µg), piperacillin (100 µg), gentamicin (10 µg), tetracycline (30 µg), penicillin (10 IU), clindamycin (30 µg), ceftriaxone (30 µg), chloramphenicol (30 µg), ceftazidime (30 µg), erythromycin (15 µg), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (30 µg) and oxacillin (30 µg) (Oxoid, England). The antibiotic susceptibility profiles were interpreted based on Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI 2014 ) guidelines.

Antibiotic susceptibility was tested for all the isolates by the disc diffusion techniques according to Bauer et al. [15 (link)] and Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) guidelines [16 ]. The pure culture colony suspension of the isolate was made using sterile physiological saline and adjusted to 0.5 McFarland standards. Muller Hinton agar plate was swabbed with the suspension using sterile cotton swap and the antibiotic discs were placed over the agar and left for 30 minutes for diffusion of the antibiotics in the disc. The plates were inverted upside down and incubated at 37°C for 18 to 24 hours. The zones of inhibition were then read as resistant and sensitive using calibrated ruler and compared with the standard chart [15 (link)]. Intermediate results were few in number and therefore were considered as resistant for convenience. Antibiotics agents employed for susceptibility testing were ampicillin (10 μg), amoxicillin (30 μg), co-trimoxazole (25 μg), gentamicin (10 μg), ciprofloxacin (5 μg), penicillin (10 IU), and erythromycin (15 μg) (Oxoid, Ltd, UK).
This study was done using the same method conducted by Moges et al., 2002 [1 (link)], 10 years back in the same study area, and the present results were compared with the previous report [1 (link)].

The antibiotics employed in this study were erythromycin (15 μg), streptomycin (10 μg), cefotaxime (30 μg), kanamycin (30 μg), cefradine (30 μg), gentamicin (10 μg), ciprofloxacin (5 μg), amoxicillin (10 μg), chloramphenicol (30 μg), clindamycin (2 μg), ampicillin (10 μg), cotrimoxazole (25 μg), tetracycline (30 μg), ceftazidime (30 μg), and ceftriaxone (30 μg) (Oxoid, UK). The antibiotics susceptibility was tested for all the isolated LAB using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test (40 (link)). Plates were incubated at 37°C for 24 h and then the diameters of the inhibition zones were measured. The resistance of the LAB strains was interpreted using the guiding principles of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI 2014).