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124 protocols using α flag

1

Chromatin Profiling using CUT&RUN and Immunoblotting

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Antibodies used for CUT&RUN are αH2A (Abcam, 15653), αFLAG (Sigma, F1804), αmouse rb IgG (Jackson ImmunoResearch, 315-005-003). Primary antibodies used for immunoblotting include: αγH2Ax (Milipore, ab26350), αFLAG (Sigma, F7425), αH2B (CST, D2H6), αH4 (CST, D2X4V), αH3 (Immunoway, YM3038), αNAP1L1 (Abcam, ab33076), αNAP1L2 (Abnova, H00004674-D01), αSPT16 (Santa Cruz, sc-377028), αSSRP1 (Santa Cruz, sc-74536), αHSC70 (Santa Cruz, sc-7298), αC23 (Santa Cruz, sc-55486), αH2BK120ub (CST, D11), αH2AK119ub (CST, D11), αH3K4me3 (Active Motif, 61379), αH3K36me3 (Immunoway), αH3K36me2 (CST, 29015), αH3K9me3 (Abcam, ab8898), αH3K27me3 (CST, 9733), αH4K16ac (Immunoway, YK0014), αH4K20me3 (Active Motif, 39671), αH3K27ac (Active Motif, 39685), αH3K79me3 (Immunoway, YM3091), αH3K9ac (Immunoway, YK0006), αHA (Santa Cruz, SC7392), αβ-Actin (Immunoway, YM3028). αFLAG M2 Affinity Gel (Sigma), αH2A (Abcam, 15653), and αRpb1 (CST, 14958) were used for ChIP.
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2

FLAG-tagged Protein Immunoprecipitation

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HeLa cells were transfected with 1 μg DNA of each of the FLAG*−3A and an empty control plasmid. At 24 h post-transfection, cells were lysed using mild sonication in IP lysis buffer (20 mM HEPES, 1% (w/v) Triton X-100, 2 mM Magnesium chloride, 25 mM Sodium chloride, 110 mM Potassium acetate, and 0.2% (v/v) antifoam B), and clarified by centrifugation at 100,000 g for 3 min. Total protein concentrations were measured using BCA assay and 100 μg of lysate from each sample was used in the immunoprecipitation. 8 μg of α-FLAG (F3165, Sigma Aldrich) was conjugated to 10 mg epoxy-coated M-270 magnetic beads (ThermoFisher Scientific) (Cristea and Chait, 2011 (link)). The α-FLAG conjugated beads were washed and re-suspended in IP lysis buffer, and 3 mg bead aliquots were added to the clarified lysates. Lysates were incubated with magnetic beads overnight at 4 °C. After three washes with IP lysis buffer, bound proteins were eluted with 50 μl 1× LDS sample buffer and resolved on 4–20% Bis-Tris NuPAGE gel. Additionally, ~10% of the eluate volume was resolved on a 3–8% Tris-Tricine gel to confirm expression and enrichment of the immunoprecipitated 3A-FLAG* bait. Proteins were transferred to PVDF membranes and immunoblotted with α-GBF1 (ab86071; abcam, at 1:1000 dilution) and HRP conjugated α-FLAG (A8592; Millipore Sigma 1:2000 dilution). The experiment was performed in triplicate.
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3

Fly Protein Extraction and Western Blotting

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Protein extractions from Drosophila S2 cells and adult fly heads, western blotting, and image analysis were performed as previously described (10, 11) . Primary antibodies: a-HA 3F10 (Roche, Indianapolis, IN) at 1:2000 for TIM-HA, a-V5 (Thermo Fisher Scientific) at 1:3000 for PER-V5, a-FLAG (Sigma) at 1:7000 for XPO1-FLAG, a-TIM (R5839, RRID:AB_2782953) at 1:1000 for TIM (12) , a-pS1404 (RB S4602-2, RRID:AB_2814716) at 1:2000 for TIM(pS1404) isoforms, a-CLK (GP6139, RRID:AB_2827523) at 1:2000 for CLK, a-PER (GP5620; RRID:AB_2747405) at 1:2000 for PER and a-HSP70 (Sigma) at 1:10000 was used for to indicate equal loading and for normalization. Secondary antibodies conjugated with HRP were added as follows: α-mouse IgG (Sigma) at 1:2000 for α-V5 detection, 1:2000 for α-FLAG detection, or 1:10,000 for α-HSP70 detection, α-guinea pig IgG (Sigma) at 1:1000 for α-PER detection, a-rabbit IgG (Sigma) at 1:2000 for a-pS1404 detection ,and α-rat IgG (Sigma) at 1:1000 for detecting α-HA and a-TIM.
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4

Immunoblot Analysis of Protein Samples

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For immunoblot analysis, cell lysates were prepared as described above (Protein biochemistry section) or by pulverizing cells with glass beads in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) buffer using a bead-beater (Biospec Products). Standard procedures for sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and immunoblotting were followed as described in [55 (link),56 ]. A nitrocellulose membrane (Bio-Rad) was used to transfer proteins from polyacrylamide gels. Commercial antibodies used for immunoblotting were as follows: α-Flag, M2 (Sigma-Aldrich) 1:3,000; α-V5 (Invitrogen) 1:5,000. Antibodies to Ctf19, and Ndc80 were kind gifts from Arshad Desai and were used at: α-Ctf19, (OD10) 1:1,000; and α-Ndc80, (OD4) 1:10,000. The secondary antibodies used were a sheep anti-mouse antibody conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (HRP) (GE Biosciences) at a 1:10,000 dilution or a donkey anti-rabbit antibody conjugated to HRP (GE Biosciences) at a 1:10,000 dilution. Antibodies were detected using the SuperSignal West Dura Chemiluminescent Substrate (Thermo Scientific).
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5

Antibody Immunoblotting Protocol

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Anti-V5, 1:2000, AbD Serotec (MCA1360GA); α-HA, 1:1000, Santa Cruz Biotechnology (F-7: sc-7392); α-FLAG, 1:1000, SIGMA (monoclonal anti-FLAG M2); α-myc, 1:1000, Santa Cruz Biotechnology (9E10, sc-40); α-GFP, 1:1000, Santa Cruz Biotechnology (B-2: sc-9996); α-Pgk1, 1:10000, Santa Cruz Biotechnology (F-7: sc-7392); α-PAP, HRP-conjugated, 1:2000 Sigma (1291); Secondary α-mouse Polyclonal Goat IgG, 1:5000, R&D SYSTEMS (FAH007).
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6

Subcellular Fractionation of EG1 Protein

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Full-length EG1 CDS was inserted into N- or C-terminal of GFP sequence of vector pBI221-35SPro:GFP, and full-length EG1 CDS with 1.5 kb native promoter into pCAMBIA1301-GFP. MTS-mOrange and Pro35S:COX11-GFP plasmids were kindly provided by Dr. Yaoguang Liu [60 (link)], and the reported vector pCAMBIA1301-35SPro:EG1-GFP was provided by Dr. Dabing Zhang [54 (link)]. All plasmids of high quality were prepared for protoplast transfection. Rice protoplast preparation from 2-week-seedlings grown in light and polyethylene glycol (PEG)-mediated transfections were performed as described by Bart et al. [78 (link)]. Images were captured by a confocal microscope (FluoView 1000, Olympus).
Floral disorder of eg1-2 was complemented by genetic transformation using vector pTCK303-ProUBIQUTIN:FLAG-EG1. One-week seedlings of EG1 complementation lines were used for subcellular fractionation. Fractionations of mitochondria and chloroplasts were performed as described by Rodiger et al. [79 (link)]. After precipitating the organelle fractions, western blots were performed with α-FLAG (Sigma), mitochondria specific antibodies α-AOX1/2 and α-COXII (Agrisera), and chloroplasts specific antibodies α-RbcL and α-PsbA (Agrisera). Fractionation assays were performed with two independent complementation lines.
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7

Western Blotting and Immunoprecipitation for PRDM14

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Cells were lysed by boiling in SDS sample buffer (Wako). The total proteins from lysed cells were denatured by 2-mercaptoethanol and were then applied to polyacrylamide-SDS gels. The proteins were separated on polyacrylamide-SDS gels, blotted on polyvinylidene fluoride membrane, and probed using the following primary antibodies: α-PRDM14 (R & D Systems; MAB8097), α-tubulin (Sigma; T5168), α-histone H3 (Abcam; ab1791), α-FLAG (Sigma; F1804), α-KLF2 (Millipore; 09–820), α-TET1 (Millipore; 09–872), α-TET2 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology; sc-136926), and α-OCT3/4 (Santa Cruz; sc-8628). Following the primary antibody reaction, the membrane was incubated with secondary horseradish peroxidase-coupled antibodies. Detection was achieved using the Luminata Forte Western HRP Substrate (Millipore). For immunoprecipitation analysis, extracts containing a protease inhibitor cocktail (Roche) were incubated with anti-PRDM14 antibody or anti-OCT3/4 antibody for 2 hr at 4°C, and captured with protein A beads. Protein complexes were washed with wash buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl [pH 8.0], 150 mM NaCl, 1% NP-40), and eluted by boiling with SDS sample buffer.
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8

Immunoprecipitation of Flag-tagged Proteins

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Cells were lysed in lysis buffer consisting of 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), 0.5% Nonidet P-40, 1 mM EDTA, 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), 1 mM DTT, 1 μg/ml pepstatin A, and 1 mM leupeptin. Equal amounts of clear cell lysate were used for IP analysis. Cell lysates were incubated with α-Flag beads (Sigma) at 4°C for 6 h. Beads were washed with lysis buffer for four times. Bound proteins were detected by IB using α-Flag (Sigma) or α-Actin (Cell Signal Technology) antibodies.
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9

Western Blot Analysis of Protein Expression

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Cells were grown to mid-log in the presence of IPTG as an inducer where indicated. Cells were pelleted, resuspended and boiled in 1X SDS PAGE sample buffer and separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Proteins were then transferred to PVDF and probed with rabbit polyconal α-FLAG (Sigma) or mouse monoclonal α-RpoA (Biolegend) primary antibodies. Blots were then incubated with α-rabbit or α-mouse secondary antibodies conjugated to IRdye 800CW as appropriate and imaged using an Odyssey classic LI-COR imaging system.
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10

Western Blot Analyses: Detailed Antibody Protocols

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Western blot analyses followed our standard protocols (11 (link), 44 (link), 45 (link), 46 (link)). The primary antibodies that were used are: α-RAD51AP1 (NB100-1129; Novus; 1:5000; and our own α-RAD51AP1 antibody, as previously described in (9 (link))), α-RAD54 (F-11; sc-374598; Santa Cruz Biotechnology; 1:500); α-RAD51 (Ab-1; EMD Millipore; 1:4000), α-ß-Actin (ab6276; Abcam; 1:3000), α-H3 (ab1791; Abcam; 1:10,000), α-H2A (GTX1129418; GeneTex; 1:1000); α-FLAG (F3165; Sigma; 1:1000); α-MBP (PAI-989; ThermoScientific; 1:5000). HRP-conjugated goat anti-rabbit or goat anti-mouse IgG (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories; 1:10,000) were used as secondary antibodies and SuperSignal Substrate kit (Thermo Scientific) for the detection of signal.
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