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22 protocols using heparinized tubes

1

Vitamin D metabolites quantification in mice

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Prior to sampling, each mouse was food deprived for 4 h, anesthetized with diethyl ether, decapitated and exsanguinated. Blood was used for the analyses of vitamin D metabolites in whole blood, the erythrocytes and the plasma. The liver and mesenteric, retroperitoneal and subcutaneous adipose tissues were harvested, immediately snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen and subsequently stored at −80 °C until the analysis of the vitamin D metabolites.
To quantify vitamin D metabolites in the erythrocytes, blood was collected in heparinized tubes (Sarstedt, Nümbrecht, Germany) and centrifuged at 2000 × g for 10 min at 20 °C. The obtained plasma was removed and stored for further analyses. The erythrocyte fraction was washed three times with ice-cold isotonic sodium chloride solution and then centrifuged (2000× g, 10 min, 20 °C). To ensure that the erythrocytes contained no adherent vitamin D, the supernatant obtained after each washing step was analyzed for vitamin D metabolites. After the second washing cycle, all vitamin D metabolites in the supernatant were below the limit of quantitation (LOQ, vitamin D3: 0.1 nmol/L, 25(OH)D3: 0.8 nmol/L, 24,25(OH)2D3: 5.1 nmol/L).
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2

Euthanasia and Tissue Harvesting Protocol

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Laboratory animals were euthanized by intraperitoneal injection of a mixture of medetomidine at a dose of 1 mg/kg (ORION, Warsaw, Poland; Dexdomitor 0.5 mg/mL) and ketamine at a dose of 75 mg/kg (Biowet, Drwalew, Poland; ketamine 100 mg/mL) dissolved in 0.9% sterile sodium chloride (NaCl). Blood was collected into heparinized tubes (Sarstedt, Nümbrecht, Germany) from the heart of anesthetized mice for further biochemical analyses, followed by trans-cardial perfusion with cold phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) with 0.1% heparin and 0.184% sodium orthovanadate (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). All brain tissue was divided into two hemispheres. Right hemispheres of the brain were used for immunofluorescence staining. Right hemispheres were fixed in 10% buffered formalin, then sections were obtained after embedding in paraffin. From the left hemispheres, the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex were separated to prepare brain tissue lysates for quantifying analysis by Western blot. Tissue was rapidly frozen in liquid nitrogen, then stored at −80 °C before homogenization.
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3

Postprandial Lipid and Metabolic Dynamics

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Whole blood was collected into heparinized tubes (Sarstedt, Leicester, United Kingdom) and plasma immediately separated by centrifugation for the measurement of plasma insulin, glucose, NEFA, and TG (2 (link), 15 (link)).
Separation of chylomicrons [Svedberg flotation rate (Sf) >400] and VLDL-rich fractions (Sf, 20 to 400) were made by sequential flotation using density gradient ultracentrifugation (16 (link)). The Sf 20 to 400 fraction was then further separated by immunoaffinity chromatography as described (17 (link)).
Samples were taken at baseline (0 minutes) and, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300, and 360 minutes after the mixed test meal for plasma biochemistry and stable-isotope enrichment and at 0, 120, 280, 240, 300, and 360 minutes for the analysis of chylomicron and VLDL fractions. At each blood sampling time point, a breath sample was collected into EXETAINER® tubes (Labco Ltd, High Wycombe, United Kingdom) for 13CO2 enrichment. Oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production were measured by using a ventilated-hood indirect calorimeter (Deltatrac; Datex, Helsinki, Finland, or the Gas Exchange Measurement analyzer; GEMNutrition Ltd, Cheshire, United Kingdom) in the fasting and postprandial (120 minutes) states.
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4

Isolation and Cryopreservation of Immune Cells from Ovarian Cancer Samples

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9 ml of peripheral blood were harvested into heparinized tubes (Sarstedt, Germany). Venous blood specimens were gathered before the operation procedure of OC patients. Fresh ascites fluid was collected aseptically and small pieces of neoplastically changed primary tumour tissue (~ 1 cm3) from nonmargin areas and without necrotic changes were obtained during the surgical resection. Blood and ascites specimens were centrifuged (1500 rpm/10 min) to obtain rendered cell-free fluids and the supernatants were immediately stored at − 80 °C for later analysis. OC patients’ blood plasma and ascites fluid were used immediately after defrosting and were not subjected to further freeze–thaw cycles. For isolation of tumour-infiltrating immune cells, freshly resected tumour tissue was minced with scissors into 2- to 4-mm, and placed into a gentleMACS C tube containing 5 ml of dissociation medium. Next, all tumour specimens were processed using Tumor Dissociation Kit (Miltenyi Biotec, Germany) to obtain single-cell suspension, following manufacturer’s instructions. The resulting cell suspension was filtered through 70-mm mesh filter (BD Biosciences, USA). Mononuclear cells (MCs) were obtained from blood, ascites and tumour tissue by gradient separation as we previously described in details [2 (link)] and were cryopreserved until use.
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5

Ascites and Blood Plasma Collection

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Pretreatment, fresh, venous whole peripheral blood (9 mL) was collected into heparinized tubes (Sarstedt, Nümbrecht, Germany) before surgery. Fresh ascites samples were obtained aseptically during the operation. Cell-free blood plasma and ascites fluid samples were obtained using centrifugation (2000 rpm/10 min). Blood plasma, ascites fluid, and tumor tissue samples were stored at −80 °C before testing.
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6

Glucose Tolerance and Insulin Secretion

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Glucose tolerance tests were performed by fasting the mice overnight for 16 h and then injecting 1 g/kg glucose intraperitoneally; glucose measurements were then performed at the indicated times by using a Bayer Contour blood glucose meter and test strips. In vivo GSIS and fasting insulin levels were determined by fasting the mice overnight for 16 h, measuring blood glucose, and collecting tail blood (using Sarstedt heparinized tubes) immediately before and 15 min after injecting 1 g/kg glucose. Insulin levels in heparinized plasma were determined using Mouse Insulin ELISA kits (Crystal Chem).
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7

Glucose and Insulin Tolerance Assays

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Food was removed at 8 am, 6 h prior to an oral gavage of either 2 g/kg of glucose (20% solution, Braun) or an intraperitoneal (ip) injection of 0.75 U/kg of human insulin (Lilly). Blood glucose was measured using Akku-Check (Roche) from tail blood before (time point 0) and 15, 30, 60, 90, and/or 120 min after an oral or ip administration and collected in heparinized tubes (Sarstedt). From another animal cohort, blood was collected via tail at four different time points with a 6-hour interval at ZT0 (06:00), ZT6 (12:00), ZT12 (18:00) and ZT18 (00:00) in EDTA-containing tubes (Sarstedt). Ad libitum body weight and blood glucose levels were measured between 11:00–12:00. Body composition analysis was carried out using noninvasive nuclear magnetic resonance to measure fat and lean mass (MiniSpec LF50, Bruker). Indirect calorimetry including activity monitoring, food and water uptake recording was measured by using the PhenoMaster indirect calorimetry system (TSE Systems).
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8

Fasted Mouse Plasma Glucagon ELISA

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Adult mice at 2–4 months of age were fasted overnight for 16 h, then anesthetized using continuous isoflurane inhalation. Plasma glucose was measured from the tail tip using a Breeze 2 glucometer (Bayer, Mishawaka, IN, USA). Whole blood was then collected by cardiac puncture and transferred to heparinized tubes (Sarstedt, Nümbrecht, Germany), which were temporarily stored on ice, then centrifuged at 2,000×g for 5 min at 4 °C, and the plasma supernatant was stored at −20 °C. Plasma glucagon levels were measured using the Glucagon ELISA – 10 μL kit (Mercodia, Uppsala, Sweden), following the manufacturer's instructions and using technical duplicates.
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9

Trauma-Induced Pneumonia: Serum Sample Collection and Neutrophil Stimulation

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Blood samples were withdrawn in S-Manovette® Z-Gel tubes (Sarstedt, Nürmbrecht, Germany) directly after admission to the ED and daily until day 10 after trauma. Blood was centrifuged at 2000 x g for 15 min at 4 °C. The supernatant was stored at -80 °C until sample use for further stimulation experiments. The subsequent blood samples taken daily from TP were obtained between 7 and 11 a.m. Serum samples were used for stimulation of isolated neutrophils from healthy volunteers. The samples that were obtained from TP at admission to the emergency department (ED), one day prior diagnosis of pneumonia (inf., 1 d prior inf) or at the same day in the corresponding group of patients without pneumonia (no inf.) (1 d prior inf), or at the day of pneumonia diagnosis (inf., d of inf) or at the same day in the corresponding group of patients without pneumonia (no inf.) (d of inf) were used for experiments.
Blood samples from healthy volunteers were withdrawn in heparinized tubes (Sarstedt, Nürmbrecht, Germany) and kept at room temperature until isolation of neutrophil granulocytes. The blood samples taken from HV were obtained between 7 and 11 a.m.
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10

Quantifying Cardiac Troponin I After Myocardial Infarction

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Plasma samples were collected into heparinized tubes (Sarstedt, Nümbrecht, Germany) from the femoral vein at the 60th minute of reperfusion, and plasma was separated to determine cardiac troponin I (TnI) release after acute myocardial infarction. Plasma TnI concentration was determined by a conventional ELISA kit (Life Diagnostics, Inc, West Chester, PA) according to the recommendations of the manufacturer. Briefly, plasma samples were diluted 4 to 40 times according to the treatment protocol (ie, sham or ischemic) and to previous preanalyses to get absorbances in the range of standard absorbances. Diluted samples were allowed to react simultaneously with 2 antibodies against rat TnI (1 is immobilized on the microtiter wells, and the other is conjugated to horseradish peroxidase [HRP] in soluble phase), resulting in TnI being sandwiched between the solid phase and HRP‐conjugated antibodies. After 1 hour of incubation at room temperature on a plate shaker, the wells were washed with wash solution to remove unbound HRP‐conjugated antibodies. A solution of tetramethylbenzidine, a HRP substrate, was then added and incubated for 20 minutes, resulting in the development of a blue color. The color development was stopped by addition of 1N HCl, which changed the color to yellow. The concentration of TnI was proportional to the absorbance at 450 nm.
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