Xanthine

Tetracycline hydrochloride, miconazole nitrate, DPPH, and (±)-6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchromane-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox) were purchased from the Source Leaf Biology Corporation Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Pentadecane, potassium persulfate (K₂S₂O₈), ABTS, XO, and xanthine were purchased from the Dalian Meilun Biotechnology Corporation Ltd. (Dalian, China). The Iron Ion Reduction Capacity Kit was purchased from the Congyi Biology Corporation Ltd. (Shanghai, China). All the chemical reagents were of analytical grade.

Xanthine oxidase (XOD, EC 1.1.3.22) from cow milk (1 unit/mg protein), potassium oxonate (PO) and hypoXanthine (HX) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, United States). Xanthine was obtained from Dalian Meilun Biotech Co., Ltd. (Dalian, China). Allopurinol was obtained from Hebei Bailing Weichao Fine Materials Co., Ltd. (Langfang, China). Febuxostat (Feb) was bought from Shanghai yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). BBR and DHB (Figure 1) were obtained from Chengdu HerbPurity CO., Ltd. (Chengdu, China). Assay kits for determination of SUA, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, XOD and adenosine deaminase (ADA) were obtained from Nanjing Jiancheng Biotechnology Institute (Nanjing, China). Enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent commercial cytokine assay kits for murine TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-18 were purchased from Shanghai Chengshao Biotech Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Mouse primers for ASC, caspase-1, NLRP3, IL-1β, URAT1, GLUT9 and XOD were purchased from Shanghai Sangon Biological Engineering Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). Antibodies against NLRP3, ASC, IL-1β, and caspase-1 were obtained from Affinity Biosciences (Cincinnati, OH, United States). Anti-URAT1. anti-GLUT9 and anti-GAPDH were purchased from Proteintech Group, Inc. (Wuhan, China), and anti-XOD was purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, MA, United States).