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Dionex dx500

Manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States

The Dionex DX500 is a high-performance ion chromatography system designed for the analysis of anions and cations in a variety of samples. It features a modular design and advanced control software, providing reliable and precise chromatographic separations.

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13 protocols using dionex dx500

1

Emission Sampling and Analysis Protocols

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The U.S. EPA CTM 027 method was followed for sampling and analysis of ammonia emissions (EPA, 1997) . This method consists of passing the evolved gases through two impingers containing a sulphuric acid solution (0.1 N) in order to retain the released ammonia. The amount of ammonium in the solution was analyzed by ion chromatography (Dionex DX500).
The U.S. EPA OTM 029 method was followed for sampling and analysis of hydrogen cyanide emissions (EPA, 2011) . This method consists of passing the evolved gases through two impingers containing a 0.1N NaOH solution and HCN is trapped by the alkali solution as cyanide ion (CN -). The amount of cyanide in the solution was analyzed by ion chromatography (Dionex DX500).
The U.S. EPA 051 method was followed for sampling of hydrogen chloride and chlorine emissions, by the use of impingers like in the previous cases. In acidified absorbing solutions, the HCl gas is solubilized and forms chloride ions (Cl -). The acidified solution used was 0.1N sulphuric acid solution. The Cl2 gas was sampled in alkaline absorbing solution (0.1N NaOH solution) (EPA, 1996a). The U.S. EPA 9057 method was followed for the determination of HCl and Cl2 by the analyses of obtained solutions by ion chromatography (Dionex DX500) (EPA, 1996b).
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2

Quantifying Soluble Sugars in Mycorrhizas

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Soluble sugars were quantified according to Schaeffer et al. (1995) with some modifications (see below). Freshly isolated mycorrhizas of transgenic and non-transgenic plants (two batches of six plants each) were isolated from agar plates, pooled and snap frozen in liquid nitrogen. Grinding to a fine powder was performed under liquid nitrogen using a pestle and a 1.5 ml Eppendorf tube as morter. The powder was freeze dried under vacuum and aliquots of about 0.5 mg were transferred into fresh 1.5 ml Eppendorf tubes in a conditioned room (40% humidity, 18 °C). Extraction of soluble sugars was performed with a total volume of 400 µl methanol using a pestle and a 1.5 ml Eppendorf tube as morter. After incubation of the suspensions for 1 h at 60 °C, the samples were centrifuged (50 min at 20 °C and 20,000g) and 320 µl of the supernatant were transferred into fresh 1.5 ml tubes. Methanol was evaporated under vacuum, soluble sugars were dissolved in 90 µl higly pure water, and aliquots were applied to a Dionex DX 500-liquid chromatography system (Thermo Fisher Scientific GmbH, Dreieich, Germany) containing a CarboPack PA10 (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Sugar quantification was performed using a Pulsed Amperometric Detector (ED40, Thermo Fisher Scientific) and calibration standards.
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3

Ion Chromatography Analysis of Aqueous Ions

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The concentration of NH4+, NO3, and SO42− ions was analyzed using an ion chromatography system (Dionex-DX 500; Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., USA) at the Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry. The samples were injected in a loop of 50 μL or 10 μL depending on the targeted ion concentration. The separation was achieved using an IonPac AS14 analytical column with 3.5 mM Na2CO3/1.0 mM NaHCO3 as the mobile phase at 1.2 mL/min. Detection was carried out with a UV detector and a conductivity detector. The working range was 0.1 to 200 mg/L, and the limit of detection was 0.05 mg/L. The concentrations of DOC and DIC (filter 0.3 μm) were determined by high-temperature catalytic oxidation (multi 18 N/C 2100S, Analytik Jena, Germany) according to DIN EN 1484 [22 ]. The working range was 0.2 to 100 mg/L.
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4

Measurement of Selenate and Copper in Leachates

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Selenate in the filtrate was measured using a Dionex DX 500 model ion chromatographer (IC, ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) equipped with an autosampler and a CD20 conductivity detector. Separation was achieved using a Dionex IonPac AS-22 column (4 by 250 mm) and an AG-22 guard column (4 by 50 mm). The eluent solution (4.5 mM Na2CO3 and 1.4 mM NaHCO3) was pumped at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min. The detection limit of the IC for selenate was 20 µg/L as Se. Dissolved copper in the leachate was also analyzed with the IC system using an IonPac CS5A 4 by 250 mm separation column and a UV-Vis detector (AD 20). The flow rate of the eluent (MetPac PDCA) and the MetPac post column reagent were 1.0mL/min and 0.5 mL/min, respectively. pH value was measured using an ORION pH meter and probe.
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5

Soil Nitrogen Extraction and Analysis

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After the experiment, soil samples were collected and separated into a top layer (0-5 cm, including slurries and HCA) and a sublayer (5-15 cm). All samples were stored in a freezer at -22 °C before extraction. According to Houba et al. (2000) (link), mineral N fractions (NH 4 + and NO 3 -) representing the available N were extracted with a 0.01 M CaCl 2 solution (soilto-solution ratio of 1:4 w:v) that had an ionic strength similar to that of the soil solution by 2-h horizontal shaking at 200 rpm and 15-min centrifugation at 3500 rpm. The supernatant was filtrated with 0.45-µm PP-membrane syringe filters (disc size 25 mm; VWR International, Darmstadt, Germany) and then subjected to continuous flow analysis and ion chromatography (Dionex DX-500, ThermoScientific, Massachusetts, USA) for NH 4
+ and NO 3 -, respectively.
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6

Characterization of Landfill Foam Pyrolysis

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The material employed in this study was VMF from a pillow collected from a landfill in Alicante (Spain). The characterization and kinetic study of the pyrolysis and combustion of VMF were recently published (Garrido et al., 2016a) . The sample presented a moisture of 1.30% ± 0.04% and an apparent density of 43 kg/m 3 , which is the usual value for household and healthcare products (PFA, 2003) . The Net Calorific Value (NCV), volatile matter and ash fraction were determined obtaining values of 27.13 ± 1.18 MJ/kg, 99.73% ± 0.10% and 0.11% ± 0.01%, respectively. The elemental analysis showed a content of C, N, H, S and O equal to 61.26% ± 0.16%, 3.34% ± 0.02%, 8.45% ± 0.01%, 0.16% ± 0.16%, and 26.68% ± 0.02%. The foam was apparently not contaminated and due to the homogeneity of the foams, pieces of foam were employed to perform the experiments and previous homogenization was not necessary.
In order to evaluate the possible formation of chlorinated semivolatile compounds such as ClPhs, ClBzs, PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs, the Cl -content was analyzed in triplicate following the US EPA 5050 (US EPA, 2007a) and US EPA 9056(US EPA, 2000) methods , where the analysis was performed by ion chromatography (Dionex DX-500, Thermo Fisher Scientific). The Cl -content was 117 ± 4 mg/kg sample whereas Br -was not detected.
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7

Soluble Sugar Extraction and Analysis

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The extraction of soluble sugars was performed following the protocol described by Schmitzer et al. (2011) (link) with modifications. Three milligrams of lyophilized powder mesocarp was gently mixed with 2 ml of Milli-Q water per 2 h at room temperature. The supernatant was filtered using 0.45 μm nylon and then diluted 1:2. Sugars were measured using the HPLC Dionex DX-500 system equipped with two CarboPac PA1 (4 mm × 250 mm) analytical columns connected in series, a CarboPac PA1 (4 mm × 50 mm) guard column, and a pulse amperometric detector. Soluble sugars were separated at a flow rate of 1.5 ml min–1 at 40°C. The elution protocol consisted on isocratic gradients of 100 mM NaOH for 25 min. Finally, a washing step with 20 mM NaOH for 10 min was performed. Sugar content (myo-inositol, sorbitol, fructose, glucose, and sucrose) was determined by reference to a standard curve from 10 to 200 μM.
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8

Monosaccharide Analysis of Plant Cell Walls

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After the NSC and starch extraction, the alcohol insoluble residue (AIR) pellets were used for cell wall sugar analyses. Two milligrams of AIR were subjected to acid hydrolysis in 1 mL of 2M trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) for 1h at 100°C in a dry bath. The supernatants were collected and dried under vacuum before being re-suspended in 500 μL of deionized water. The monosaccharides arabinose, fucose, galactose, glucose, mannose, rhamnose and xylose were analyzed using a HPAEC/PAD system on a Carbopac SA10 column (Dionex-DX500, Dionex, CA, USA) as described by De Souza et al. [54 ] and the values expressed as a percentage (%) of total sugar.
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9

Ion Chromatography of Anions

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The chromatographic instrument (Thermo Scientific Dionex DX-500) consisted of a gradient pump (Dionex GP50) with a flow of 0.25 mL/min, an autosampler (Dionex AS50) with 1000-µL-injection loop, a column thermostat set at 30 °C (Dionex Ultimate 3000 TCC-3000), an eluent generator (Dionex RFC-30) equipped with an eluent generator cartridge (Dionex EGC-III KOH), continuously regenerated trap column (Dionex CR-ATC), and a conductivity detector (Dionex CD-25). The entire flow path was metal free. For eluent suppression prior to conductivity detection, a Dionex AERS 500 was used at a current setting of 22 mA. Separation was performed on a Dionex IonPac AS20 column and guard column-set. Columns and suppressor were in the 2-mm format, and data acquisition and evaluation were done using the Dionex Chromeleon 6.70 chromatography software. The eluent (35 mmol/L KOH) was produced electrolytically in situ. Samples were injected with volumes between 500 and 1000 µL using partial loop injection for volumes below 1000 µL. The total runtime was 30 min for each sample.
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10

Quantifying Ionic Content in Plant Tissues

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Ionic content was detected using a DIONEX-DX500 ion chromatograph equipped with an AS40 autosampler and ED40 electrochemical detector (Dionex Corporation, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) as described by Ariz et al. (2011) (link). Frozen plant tissue (200 mg) was incubated in 1 ml of milli-Q water for 5 min at 80 °C in a water bath. The soluble ionic fraction was obtained by centrifugation at 16 000 g for 30 min. The supernatants, stored at –20 °C, were diluted 1:10 for injection. Ion Pac CG12A and Ion Pac CG12A were used as the stationary phase and 30% 100 mM NaOH and 70% milli-Q water were used as the mobile phase at 1.5 ml min–1 flow rate for 15 min. Soluble cations (Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, and NH4+) were determined using 20 mM methanosulfonic acid as the mobile phase for 13 min.
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