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Picrotoxin

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Picrotoxin is a naturally occurring compound that functions as a non-competitive antagonist of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors. It is commonly used in scientific research as a tool to investigate GABA receptor function and modulation.

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Lab products found in correlation

Thapsigargin, by R&D Systems (8 mentions) Heparin, by R&D Systems (8 mentions) U73122, by R&D Systems (8 mentions) Kynurenic acid, by R&D Systems (8 mentions) Chelerythrine, by R&D Systems (7 mentions) Gdp β s, by R&D Systems (6 mentions) U73343, by R&D Systems (6 mentions) Ml 133, by R&D Systems (6 mentions) Bisindolylmaleimide 2 bis 2, by R&D Systems (5 mentions) Dioctanoyl phosphatidylinositol 4 5 bisphosphate dic8 pip2, by Echelon Biosciences (5 mentions) Tertiapin q, by R&D Systems (5 mentions) Sr49059, by R&D Systems (4 mentions) Ml 297, by R&D Systems (4 mentions) Tetrodotoxin, by R&D Systems (4 mentions) Bapta, by R&D Systems (4 mentions) Tertiapin lq, by R&D Systems (3 mentions) Pclamp, by Molecular Devices (2 mentions) Multiclamp 700b, by Molecular Devices (2 mentions) Digidata 1440a, by Molecular Devices (2 mentions) Sch23390, by R&D Systems (2 mentions)

14 protocols using picrotoxin

1

Drugs and Chemical Preparation for Brain Slice Experiments

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Drugs used in this study were CCL2 (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN), picrotoxin, tetrodotoxin(TTX), 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX), 2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (APV), (R)-3-(2-Carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid (R-CPP), ifenprodil, RS102895, and picrotoxin. picrotoxin and RS102895 were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and the final DMSO concentration in artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) was less than or equal to 0.1%. CCL2, TTX, CNQX, APV, R-CPP, and ifenprodil were pre-prepared separately in 1000x stock solutions and stored at −20°C refrigerator, thawed on experimental day just before use and diluted to the test concentrations. Drugs were applied onto brain slices via bath perfusion and added to the culture media. For bath perfusion, the time needed for a drug to reach the chamber was about 1 min. All chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO) unless otherwise indicated.
Zhou Y., Tang H, & Xiong H. (2016). Chemokine CCL2 enhances NMDA receptor-mediated excitatory postsynaptic current in rat hippocampal slices –A potential mechanism for HIV-1-associated neuropathy?. Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology, 11(2), 306-315.
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2

Neurochemical Modulation of Neuronal Excitability

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The following chemicals were products of R&D Systems: NT, TTX, kynurenic acid, picrotoxin, SR 48692, GDP-β-S, U73122, U73343, heparin, thapsigargin, chelerythrine, bisindolylmaleimide II (Bis II), ML 133, and tertiapin-Q (TQ). Dioctanoyl phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (dic8-PIP2) was purchased from Echelon Biosciences. PD149163 was product of Millipore Sigma. Drugs were initially prepared in stock solution, aliquoted and stored at −20°C. For those chemicals requiring dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a solvent, the concentration of DMSO was less than 0.1%. This concentration of DMSO either in the recording pipettes or in the bath had no significant effects on NT-elicited facilitation of AP firing (data not shown).
Lei S, & Hu B. (2021). Ionic and Signaling Mechanisms Involved in Neurotensin-mediated Excitation of Central Amygdala Neurons. Neuropharmacology, 196, 108714.
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3

Pharmacological Reagents for Neuronal Research

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The following chemicals were products of R&D Systems: AVP, TTX, kynurenic acid, picrotoxin, 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (DNQX), SR49059, GDP-β-S, U73122, U73343, heparin, thapsigargin, chelerythrine, bisindolylmaleimide II (Bis II), ML 133, ML 297, tertiapin-Q and tertiapin-LQ. Dioctanoyl phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (dic8-PIP2) was purchased from Echelon Biosciences. Drugs were initially prepared in stock solution, aliquoted and stored at −20°C. For those chemicals requiring dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a solvent, the concentration of DMSO was less than 0.1%. This concentration of DMSO either in the recording pipettes or in the bath had no significant effects on neuronal activity.
Hu B., Boyle C.A, & Lei S. (2021). Roles of PLCβ, PIP2 and GIRK Channels in Arginine Vasopressin-elicited Excitation of CA1 Pyramidal Neurons. Journal of cellular physiology, 237(1), 660-674.
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4

Electrophysiological Recordings of Hippocampal Neurons

Cited 1 time
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All electrophysiological recordings were performed as we previously described [48 (link)]. In brief, hippocampal neurons were transduced on DIV 14 with lentivirus encoding GFP, GFP-cypin, or GFP-cypinS, and recording was performed on DIV 20–21. Whole cell patch-clamp recordings were made on the soma of hippocampal neurons. For recordings, cells were bathed in artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) containing (in mM): 140 NaCl, 5 KCl, 2 CaCl2, 2 MgCl2, 10 HEPES, and 10 Glucose (pH 7.4 adjusted with NaOH; 290–310 mOsmol). Recording electrodes (3–5 MΩ) contained a K-based internal solution composed of (in mM): 126 K-gluconate, 4 KCl, 10 HEPES, 4 ATP-Mg, 0.3 GTP-Na2, 10 Phosphocreatine, and 10 QX-314 bromide (pH 7.2; 280–300 mOsmol). In order to record miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs), action potentials were blocked with 1 μM tetrodotoxin (Tocris, R&D Systems), and GABA inhibitory currents with 50 μM picrotoxin (Tocris, R&D Systems). The membrane potential was held at −70mV throughout all experiments. Data were amplified and filtered at 2 kHz by a patch-clamp amplifier (Multiclamp 700B), digitalized (DIGIDATA 1440A), stored, and analyzed by pCLAMP (Molecular Devices, Union City, CA). Data were discarded when the input resistance changed >20% during recording.
Patel M.V., Swiatkowski P., Kwon M., Rodriguez A.R., Campagno K, & Firestein B.L. (2018). A novel short isoform of cytosolic PSD-95 interactor (cypin) regulates neuronal development. Molecular neurobiology, 55(8), 6269-6281.
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5

Neurophysiological Recordings with Diverse Pharmacological Agents

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SST was purchased from Bachem. The following chemicals were products of R&D Systems: tetrodotoxin (TTX), kynurenic acid, picrotoxin, CGP55845, BAPTA, SCH23390, linopirdine, ZD7288, CH275, L-803,087, BIM 23052, 1R,1′S,3′R/1R,1′R,3′S)-L-054,264 (abbreviated as L-054,264), octreotide, CYN154806, GDP-β-S, MDL12330A, SQ22536, Rp-cAMPS, H89, KT5720, GF109203X, forskolin, IBMX, HJC0350. PKI(5-24) was provided by Enzo Life Sciences. Drugs were initially prepared in stock solution, aliquoted and stored at −20°C. For those chemicals which are only soluble in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), the concentration of DMSO was less than 0.1%. This concentration of DMSO either in the recording pipettes or in the bath had no significant effects on neuronal activity.
Hu B., Cilz N.I, & Lei S. (2017). Somatostatin Depresses the Excitability of Subicular Bursting Cells: Roles of Inward Rectifier K+ Channels, KCNQ channels and Epac. Hippocampus, 27(9), 971-984.
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6

Neuronal Activity Modulation Protocols

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The following chemicals were products of R&D Systems: [Thr4,Gly7]-oxytocin (TGOT), kynurenic acid, picrotoxin, GDP-β-S, U73122, U73343, heparin, thapsigargin, BAPTA, chelerythrine, bisindolylmaleimide II (Bis II), phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), tetrodotoxin (TTX), ML 133, ML 297, tertiapin-Q and tertiapin-LQ. Drugs were initially prepared in stock solution, aliquoted and stored at −20°C. For those chemicals which are only soluble in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), the concentration of DMSO was less than 0.1%. This concentration of DMSO either in the recording pipettes or in the bath had no significant effects on neuronal activity.
Hu B., Boyle C.A, & Lei S. (2020). Oxytocin Receptors Excite Lateral Nucleus of Central Amygdala by PLCβ and PKC-dependent Depression of Inwardly Rectifying K+ Channels. The Journal of physiology, 598(16), 3501-3520.
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7

Pharmacological Toolbox for Neuronal Studies

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[Arg8]-vasopressin (AVP) was purchased from Bachem. The following chemicals were products of R&D Systems: TTX, kynurenic acid, picrotoxin, SR49059, GDP-β-S, U73122, U73343, heparin, thapsigargin, BAPTA, chelerythrine, bisindolylmaleimide II (Bis II), capsazepine, M084, edelfosine and pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7(4H)-on (QO-58). Dioctanoyl phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (diC8-PIP2) was purchased from Echelon Biosciences. Drugs were initially prepared in stock solution, aliquoted and stored at −20°C. For those chemicals requiring dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a solvent, the concentration of DMSO was less than 0.1%. This concentration of DMSO either in the recording pipettes or in the bath had no significant effects on neuronal activity.
Boyle C.A., Hu B., Quaintance K.L, & Lei S. (2021). Involvement of TRPC5 Channels, Inwardly Rectifying K+ channels, PLCβ and PIP2 in Vasopressin-mediated Excitation of Medial Central Amygdala Neurons. The Journal of physiology, 599(12), 3101-3119.
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8

Cocaine Hydrochloride Administration Protocol

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Cocaine hydrochloride (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), dissolved in 0.9% sterile saline, was made once a week for self-administration. Ketamine, xylazine, and buprenorphine were supplied by Patterson Veterinary Supply (Greeley, CO, USA). Picrotoxin was purchased from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN, USA). WIN 55,212–2 and AM 251 were obtained from Tocris Bioscience (Bristol, UK). All the other chemicals were carried by Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA).
Wang R., Hausknecht K.A., Gancarz-Kausch A.M., Oubraim S., Shen R.Y, & Haj-Dahmane S. (2020). Cocaine self-administration abolishes endocannabinoid-mediated long-term depression of glutamatergic synapses in the ventral tegmental area. The European journal of neuroscience.
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9

Detailed Chemical Source Protocol

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The following chemicals were products of R&D Systems: senktide, TTX, picrotoxin, SB218795, ML133, glibenclamide, tertiapin-Q, ML297, M084, U73122, heparin, thapsigargin, chelerythrine and bisindolylmaleimide II (Bis II). Dioctanoyl phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (dic8-PIP2) was purchased from Echelon Biosciences. The other chemicals were the products of Sigma Aldrich. Drugs were initially prepared in stock solution, aliquoted and stored at −20°C. For those chemicals requiring dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a solvent, the concentration of DMSO was less than 0.1%.
Boyle C.A., Hu B., Quaintance K.L., Mastrud M.R, & Lei S. (2022). Ionic signaling mechanisms involved in neurokinin-3 receptor-mediated augmentation of fear-potentiated startle response in the basolateral amygdala. The Journal of physiology, 600(19), 4325-4345.
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10

Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings of cortical neurons

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Whole cell patch-clamp recordings were performed on the soma of cortical neurons. For recordings, cells were bathed in artificial cerebrospinal fluid containing (in mM): 140 NaCl, 5 KCl, 2 CaCl2, 2 MgCl2, 10 HEPES, and 10 glucose (pH 7.4 adjusted with NaOH; 290–310 mOsmol). Recording electrodes (3–5 MΩ) contained a K+-based internal solution composed of (in mM): 126 K-gluconate, 4 KCl, 10 HEPES, 4 ATP-Mg, 0.3 GTP-Na2, and 10 phosphocreatine (pH 7.2; 280–300 mOsmol). To record spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs), GABAA-mediated neurotransmission was blocked with 50 µM picrotoxin (Tocris, R & D Systems; Minneapolis, MN). Miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) were recorded in the presence of 1 µM tetrodotoxin (to block the action potentials) and 50 µM picrotoxin to block inhibitory neurotransmission (Tocris, R & D Systems; Minneapolis, MN) in the external solution, and 10 µM QX-314 (Tocris, R & D Systems; Minneapolis, MN) in the internal solution, as previously described85 (link), 86 (link). The membrane potential was held at −70 mV throughout all experiments. Data were amplified and filtered at 2 kHz by a patch-clamp amplifier (Multiclamp 700B), digitalized (DIGIDATA 1440A), stored, and analyzed by pCLAMP (Molecular Devices; Union City, CA). Data were discarded when the input resistance changed >20% during recording.
Swiatkowski P., Nikolaeva I., Kumar G., Zucco A., Akum B.F., Patel M.V., D’Arcangelo G, & Firestein B.L. (2017). Role of Akt-independent mTORC1 and GSK3β signaling in sublethal NMDA-induced injury and the recovery of neuronal electrophysiology and survival. Scientific Reports, 7, 1539.
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