2 deoxy 3h d glucose

Human C3A liver cells (ATTC Cat. No. CRL-10741) were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA). Orientin (≥ 97.0% purity), MTT, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA), while 2-Deoxy-[³H]-D-glucose and ¹⁴C palmitate were obtained from American Radiolabeled Chemicals (St Louis, MO, USA). Eagle’s minimum essential medium (EMEM), Dulbecco’s phosphate buffered saline (DPBS, pH 7.4 with calcium and magnesium), penicillin-streptomycin, and ViaLight plus ATP kits were from Lonza (Basel, Switzerland). PCR probes, beta-2 microglobulin (B2m), Pi3k, Irs1, Glut2, Cpt1, and Ampk were purchased from Thermofisher (Waltham Massachusetts, USA). All other cell culture reagents were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA).

Aspalathin (ca. 98%, batch SZI-356-54) and PPAG (99% purity; batch: MC1(2)-248–91D) were obtained from High Force Research (Durham, UK). Embryonic ventricular rat heart derived H9c2 cardiomyoblasts (CRL-1446) were from American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA); 14C-palmitate and 2-deoxy-[³H]-D-glucose were from American Radiolabeled Chemicals (St. Louis, MI, USA); fetal bovine serum (FBS) and horse serum were from Biochrom (Berlin, Germany); Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM), Dulbecco’s Phosphate Buffered Saline (DPBS), and Hank’s Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) were from Lonza (Basel, Switzerland); 2′, 7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) fluorescent dye was from Cell Biolabs Inc. (San Diego, CA, USA); and 7-amino-4chloromethylcoumarin (CellTracker Blue CMAC) and TRIzol reagent were from Invitrogen Corp. (Carlsbad, CA, USA). All other chemicals, including 5,5′6,6′-tetrachloro-1,1′,3,3-tetraethylbenzimidazolyl-carbocyanine iodide (JC-1) and propidium iodide stain were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MI, USA).