Ctrp3

After a 12 h overnight fast, samples (5 mL) were collected from the cubital vein using standard techniques. Blood samples were collected at baseline and 48 h after the last training session. Following completion of blood collection, samples were centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 20 min, and the serum was stored at −70 °C for future analysis of adiponectin, CTRP3, CTRP5, CTRP9, TNF-α, and CRP (ZellBio GmbH, Lonsee, Germany).

At the end of the treatment period and after a 16 h fast with free access to water, blood samples were collected via portal vein from anaesthetized animals. Blood samples were centrifuged and serum was frozen at -80°C for subsequent analysis. Serum fasting glucose, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), triglycerides, total and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentrations were determined by an enzymatic method using individual commercial kits (Pars azmun, Tehran, Iran) and an automatic biochemical analyzer (BT 4500, Biotechnica, Italy). Non-HDL-C was calculated as total cholesterol minus HDL-C. Serum insulin (Bioassay Technology Laboratory, China) and complement C1q/tumor necrosis factor-α related protein-3 (CTRP3) (zellBio, Germany) levels were quantified with ELISA kits. In addition, we used the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) method to estimate insulin resistance as [Fasting insulin×Fasting glucose/405].