Cynarin

HPLC-grade acetonitrile (LC-MS grade), methanol and formic acid were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (Bellefonte, PA, USA). De-ionized water (18.2 MΩ cm) was obtained from a Milli-Q purifification system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA). Cynarin (purity > 96%), echinacoside (purity > 95%) and dodeca-2E,4E,8Z,10E/Z-tetraenoic isobutylamide (purity > 98%) were from Phytolab (Vestenbergsgreuth, Germany).

The chemical reference standards silybin (98% pure) and caffeic acid (98% pure) were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, United States), silydianin, chlorogenic acid (97% pure), caftaric acid (90% pure), and chicoric acid (97% pure) from USP (Rockville, United States), and silychristin (97.9% pure), dodec-2-ene-8,10-diynoic acid isobutylamide, and isoferulic acid (97% pure) from Chromadex (Los Angeles, United States). Taxifolin (85% pure) was purchased from Extrasynthese (Genay, France), and β-sitosterol (95% pure), ursolic acid (97% pure), echinacoside (95% pure), dodeca-2E,4E,8Z, 10E/Z-tetraenoic acid isobutylamide (93% pure), cynarin (96% pure), actein (95% pure), and cimifugin (97% pure) from Phytolab (Vestenbergsgreuth, Germany).
Solvents (≥95% pure) and reagents were purchased from Roth (Karlsruhe, Germany), Acros (Gent, Belgium), Fisher Scientific (Hampton, United States), and Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Silica gel 60 F₂₅₄ HPTLC glass plates (20 × 10 cm) were obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).
HPTLC instruments from CAMAG (Muttenz, Switzerland) were used, including Automatic TLC Sampler (ATS 4), Automatic Development Chamber (ADC 2) with humidity control, Plate Heater 3, TLC Visualizer 2, and Immersion Device 3.

Formic acid, LC-MS grade water and acetonitrile were purchased from J.T. Baker (Deventer, Holland). Furulic acid, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside chloride, cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside chloride, delphinidin-3-O-glucoside chloride, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside, (+)-catechin, (–)-epicatechin, procyanidins B1 and B2, and epicatechin gallate were purchased from Extrasynthese (Genay, France). Cyanidin-3-O-sophoroside chloride, quercetin-4′-O-glucoside, chlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid, and cynarin were purchased from Phytolab (Vestenbergsgreuth, Germany).