The number and weight average molecular weight (Mn and Mw respectively) of PS samples were determined by GPC (Waters). The instrument was equipped with a Waters 515 pump, two PL mixed-D and mixed-E columns and a Waters 410 refractive index detector operating at 35 °C. Calibration was based on a series of six narrow MW linear polystyrene standards with molecular weights ranging from 580 to 578,500 g mol−1. THF was used as the eluent at a flow rate of 1 ml min−1.
410 refractive index detector
Manufactured by Waters Corporation
The 410 refractive index detector is a laboratory instrument used to measure the refractive index of liquid samples. It provides accurate and reliable measurements of refractive index, which is a fundamental property of materials that can be used to identify and characterize various substances.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
515 pump, by Waters Corporation (1 mentions)
Pu 987, by Jasco (1 mentions)
2414 refractive index detector, by Waters Corporation (1 mentions)
717 plus autosampler, by Waters Corporation (1 mentions)
Styragel column, by Waters Corporation (1 mentions)
515 hplc pump, by Waters Corporation (1 mentions)
Avance 600 mhz spectrometer, by Bruker (1 mentions)
6 protocols using 410 refractive index detector
1
Polystyrene Molecular Weight Analysis
2
Biomass and Sugar Analysis Protocol
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Cell concentration was determined by measuring the optical density of the culture with a spectrophotometer (Hitachi UV 1100, Japan) at 600 nm, then converting to dry cell weight per liter broth (g DCW L-1) based on predetermined calibration curve between OD and DCW concentration.
For sugar analysis, culture samples were centrifuged at 4°C and 10.000 × g to remove the mycelium. Glucose and xylose, were analyzed by column liquid chromatography (CLC). A Jasco (PU-987) HPLC system equipped with an ion moderated partition chromatography column, Aminex HPX-87H (Bio-Rad), was used together with a Waters (410) refractive index detector. The flow rate of the mobile phase consisting of 5 mM H2SO4 was set to 0.6 mL.min−1 and the temperature to 45°C. All measurements are the result of technical duplicates from both identical fermentations (biological duplicates).
For sugar analysis, culture samples were centrifuged at 4°C and 10.000 × g to remove the mycelium. Glucose and xylose, were analyzed by column liquid chromatography (CLC). A Jasco (PU-987) HPLC system equipped with an ion moderated partition chromatography column, Aminex HPX-87H (Bio-Rad), was used together with a Waters (410) refractive index detector. The flow rate of the mobile phase consisting of 5 mM H2SO4 was set to 0.6 mL.min−1 and the temperature to 45°C. All measurements are the result of technical duplicates from both identical fermentations (biological duplicates).
3
HPLC Analysis of Agave Sugars
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All sugars were analyzed using an HPLC system consisting of a Shimadzu LC-2010 (Milford, MA) equipped with a Waters 410 refractive index detector. Two columns were used to determine the composition of agave samples. The concentrations of different sugars such as sucrose, glucose, xylose, arabinose, mannose, and fructose were analyzed using a Bio-Rad Aminex HPX-87P column (Hercules, CA, USA) with a de-ashing guard cartridge (Bio-Rad Sunnyvale, CA, USA). Degassed HPLC grade water was used as the mobile phase at 0.6 mL/min at a column temperature of 85 °C. d -Galacturonic acid and acetate were analyzed during composition analysis using an Aminex HPX-87H column (Bio-Rad, USA). The same column was used to analyze fermentation broth including ethanol, xylitol, lactate, glucose, and xylose. A 5 mM aqueous sulfuric acid solution was used as the mobile phase at 0.6 mL/min at a column temperature of 60 °C. Xylose, galactose, and mannose peaks cannot be effectively separated using the HPX-87H column [77 (link)], and thus the results reported for xylose in fermentation broth may include mannose and galactose.
4
Glucose Quantification in Cell Culture
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Cell density was calculated based on dry cell weight (DCW). To determine the glucose concentration in the culture medium, samples were first centrifuged at 4°C and 10,000 × g. The supernatant was then analyzed by HPLC, on a Jasco (PU-987) HPLC system equipped with an ion-moderated partition chromatography column (Aminex HPX-87H; Bio-Rad), and a Waters 410 refractive index detector. The mobile phase (5 mM H2SO4) was 0.6 mL.min−1 and the temperature 45°C. All measurements are the result of technical duplicates from two identical fermentations (biological duplicates).
5
Quantification of Biomass Conversion Products
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The qualitative analysis of glucose, fructose, FFA, HMF and LA were determined using HPLC (Waters 2695) equipped with a SH1011 column (8.0 × 300 mm, 6 mm particle size, Waters) through an external standard method. The mobile phase was an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid (5 mM) at the flow rate of 0.5 mL min−1 and the column was kept at 323 K. A Waters 410 refractive index detector (operated at 318 K) was adopted to detect glucose, fructose and LA, while a UV detector (with the wavelength of 284 nm) was used to detect HMF and FFA. All liquid samples obtained after each experiments were diluted 20 times by deionized water before analysis. The relevant calculations for glucose conversion, mole yields of different products and carbon balance were in the following formulas:
In the formula(1) , n0 and nl are the mole content of glucose before and after reaction. In the formula (2) , n0 represents the same meaning as in the formula (1) , ni was the mole content of each product (fructose, FFA, HMF, LA and formic acid) respectively. In the formula (3) , nci is the total carbon mole content of each product (fructose, FFA, HMF, LA, formic acid and black char).
In the formula
6
Aqueous and DMF SEC Characterization
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Aqueous size exclusion chromatography (SEC) was performed using a Waters 515 HPLC pump, Waters 717 Plus autosampler, three Ultrahydrogel columns (30 cm x 7.8 mm i.d. with exclusion limits of 0-3 kDa, 0-50 kDa and 2-300 kDa) and a Waters 2414 refractive index detector. A mobile phase consisting of 25 mM N-cyclohexyl-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid (CHES) buffer, 500 mM NaNO 3 and 10 mM NaN 3 at a flow rate of 0.8 mL min -1 was used for all analyzed polymers except PO 10 A 30 . The system was calibrated with narrow-dispersed PEG standards (106 to 584 x 10 3 g mol -1 , Waters). N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) SEC was used to analyze the PO 10 A 30 polymer, using a Waters 590 HPLC pump, three Waters Styragel columns (HR-2, HR-3, HR-4; 7.8 300 mm; 5 m particles) maintained at 40 °C, and a Waters 410 refractive index detector maintained at 35 °C. Polymer samples were eluted at 0.5 mL min -1 with DMF containing 50 mM LiBr. The system was calibrated with narrow molecular weight PEG standards (Waters). 1 H-NMR was performed using a Bruker AVANCE 600 MHz spectrometer with deuterated chloroform as the solvent. The degree of functionalization of the aldehyde containing precursors was determined by 1 H-NMR, while the degree of functionalization of the hydrazide containing precursors was determined by conductometric titration (Supporting Information, Table S1).
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