ρ nitrophenyl α d glucopyranoside

Antibiotic–antimycotic, bovine serum albumin (BSA), Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM), and fetal bovine serum were purchased from Life Technologies (Carlsbad, CA, USA). Acarbose, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 3,4-dihydroxy-l-phenylalanine (l-DOPA), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), α-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.20, from baker’s yeast, 77 U/mg), LY294002, α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), mushroom tyrosinase and ρ-Nitrophenyl-α-d-glucopyranoside were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Fontana–Masson staining kit was obtained from IHCWORLD (Woodstock, MD, USA). Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was obtained from Bioworld Technology, Inc. (BioWorld, USA). easy-Blue™ Total RNA extraction kit was purchased from Intron Biotechnology, Inc. (iNtRON Biotechnology, Seongnam, Korea). TaqMan^® RNA-to-Ct™ 1-Step Kits were purchased from Applied Biosystems (USA). RIPA buffer was obtained from Biosesang Inc. (Seongnam, Korea). Protease inhibitor cocktail tablets were purchased from Roche Diagnostics (Switzerland). Antibodies were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA) and Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc. (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). ECL reagent was purchased from GE Healthcare.

Butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT), gallic acid, β-carotene, linoleic acid, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH·), ρ-nitrophenyl α-D-glucopyranoside(PNPG), 3,5-dinitro salicylic acid, soluble potato starch and 1-deoxyrojirimycine, α-Glucosidase (from Saccharomyces cerevisiae), HPLC grade methanol and acetonitrile were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Folin-Ciocalteu reagent was obtained from E. Merck Co. (Darmstadt, Germany). Standards including oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, vitexin, rutin, hyperoside, luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, quercitrin, quercetin, luteolin, apigenin and kaempferol were obtained from the National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (Beijing, China). 1β, 2β, 3β, 19α-tetrahydroxy-12-en-28-oic acid, tormentic acid, maslinatic acid, corosolic acid and tiliroside are isolated and identified by ourselves in lab. All other reagents were analytical grade procured from indigenous manufacturers.

Plants of Smilax aristolochiifolia Miller (including the roots) were collected in Apazapan, Veracruz, Mexico (19°19′25.6^″N and 96°43′17.3^″W) in October 2015. Plant material was authenticated by Dr. M. Chazaro (Biology Department, Universidad Veracruzana), and a voucher specimen (10855) was deposited in the Institute of Ecology herbarium (IE-XAL), Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico. α-Glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.20, from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 28 U/mg), acarbose, ρ-nitrophenyl-α-D-glucopyranoside (pNPG), porcine pancreatic α-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1, type VI-B, from porcine pancreas, ≥10 U/mg), and 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid reagent (DNS) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). The soluble starch was purchased from Jalmek Científica (Monterrey, NL, Mexico).