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5 protocols using hydrogen peroxide

1

Graphene-based Biosensor for COVID-19 Antibody Detection

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Sulfuric acid, ethanol, isopropanol, monobasic sodium phosphate (NaH2PO4) and potassium phosphate were acquired from Synth®, Brazil. Hydrochloric acid (37% v/v), toluene, polystyrene (MW ∼192,000 g mol-1), tetrachloroauric acid trihydrate, ethanolamine, Tween 20, potassium chloride, neutral red dye and bovine serum albumin protein were bought from Sigma Aldrich®. Acetone was purchased from Chemis®, Brazil, and hydrogen peroxide (30–32%, v/v) was acquired from Vetec®, Brazil. Monoclonal IgG human antibodies (IgG1 type) from SARS-CoV-2 (ab273073) were obtained from Abcam®, USA. Human IgM antibody was acquired from Rheabiotech, Brazil. Bilirubin oxidase was purchased from Amano, Japan. For graphene devices confection, p-doped Si/SiO2 ( ΦSiO2 = 90 nm) were purchased from Graphene Supermarket®, USA. CVD monolayer graphene was acquired from Graphenea®, Spain. Metallic spots for electrical contact films deposition of Ti and Pt were obtained from Electron Microscopy Sciences®, USA. All aqueous solutions were made using deionized water with resistivity >18 MΩ cm.
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2

Quantitative Catalase Activity Assay

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Catalase (CAT) activity was quantified according to Sudhakar et al. (2001) (link). Briefly, the reaction was initiated by adding the enzymatic extract (50 µL) to the quartz cuvette containing reaction medium (2.95 mL) composed of potassium phosphate buffer (final concentration of 50 mM and final pH of 7) (Monobasic-NEON©, Brazil and Dibasic-NEON, Brazil) and mixed with hydrogen peroxide (VETEC©, Brazil) (20 mM). Then, after slight agitation, the mixture was taken to a spectrophotometer where the reduction of absorbance at 240 nm was monitored for 1.5 min, with readings taken every 15 s. The Lambert-Beer equation (A = ε.b.c), where A = decrease in absorbance (triplicate mean); ε = molar extinction coefficient; b = optical path length; and c = concentration of the enzyme expressed as mol L -1 , was used. The molar extinction coefficient of hydrogen peroxide is 39.4 mol -1 cm -1 . Final CAT activity was expressed in µmol H 2 O 2 g FM -1 min -1 .
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3

Phytochemical and Antioxidant Assays

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We purchased 2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), acetone, acetonitrile, citric acid, DPPH, ferrous-ion-o-dianisidine, Folin–Ciocalteu phenol reagent, formic acid, gallic acid, hydrochloric acid, methanol, β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide 2-phosphate reduced tetrasodium salt (NADPH), ultrapure phenolic standards, 4-amino-3-hydrazino-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole (Purpald), sodium acetate, superoxide dismutase determination kit, 2,4,6-tris(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine (TPTZ), and 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchromane-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox) from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Ascorbic acid, boric acid, ferric chloride, ferrous sulfate, hydrogen peroxide, potassium chloride, sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, and sulfuric acid were obtained from Vetec (Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil). Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, delphinidin-3-O-glucoside, delphinidin, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, 3-O-caffeoyl-quinic acid, and myricetin were purchased from Extrasynthese (Genay, France). HA, PCA, VA, isovanillic acid (iVA), ellagic acid, FA, and kaempferolwere purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA). The kit to analyze urine creatinine was purchased from Labtest Diagnóstica S.A. (Lagoa Santa, MG, Brazil).
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Biochemical Analysis of Plant Compounds

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Catechol (1,2-dihydroxybenzene), rutin, cyanidin chloride and bovine serum albumin V (BSA) were from SigmaeAldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Tannic acid, hydrogen peroxide and Folin-Ciocalteu reagent were from Vetec Química Fina Ltda (Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil). All other reagents were of analytical grade and solutions were prepared with distilled water.
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5

Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Assays

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Dexamethasone (DEXA), 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-acetate (TPA), hexadecyl-trimethylammonium bromide (HTAB), tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) all from Sigma Chemcil Co (St Louis MO); acetone, propanone, formaldehyde, glacial acetic acid, paraffin, dimethylformamide, phosphate-buffered (PBS) 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCHF-DA), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), ascorbic acid were purchased from Merck Biosciences (Germany); hydrogen peroxide, sodium acetate, ethanol, hematoxylin, and eosin were purchased from Vetec (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). The other chemical reagents of analytical grade were purchased from local chemical suppliers.
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