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1

Ultrastructural Analysis of Butterfly Wing Scales

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Small sections from the wings of the ultra-black butterflies Trogonoptera brookiana (male), Catonephele antinoe, Catonephele numilia (male), Heliconius doris, Napeocles jucunda, Eunica chlorocroa, and Euploea dufresne, Euploea klugi, were mounted on aluminum SEM stubs with copper tape and sputter coated with ~7.5 nm of gold (Denton Desk V; Denton Vacuum LLC, Moorestown, NJ, USA). Sections from regular black and dark brown butterflies Trogonoptera brookiana (female), C. numilia (female), H. ismenius, and Euploea midamus were mounted and coated using a similar protocol. We imaged the scales using an Apreo S scanning electron microscope (ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) at accelerating voltages of 1–5 kV and magnifications of ×512–×100,000.
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2

Characterization of Chitosan Nanoparticles

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Particle size, zeta potential, and polydispersity index (PDI) were obtained using a Malvern Zetasizer NanoZS (Malvern Instruments Inc., Worcestershire, UK) at 25°C with a 633-nm laser and measurement angle of 173° for 120 continuous accumulation times. Chitosan nanoparticles (200 μg) were suspended in 2 mL of 0.2 μm-filtered deionized water and sonicated (Branson 2800 ultrasonic cleaner, 60 W, Danbury, CT, USA) for 15 min before analysis.
The morphology of the nanoparticles was analyzed using a Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM, JEOL JCM-5700, Peabody, MA, USA) at 5 kV and magnifications ranging from 30 to 10,000x. Dried nanoparticle samples were adhered to a conductive carbon tape with a thin aluminum foil core (Nisshin EM Co., Ltd, Japan). Subsequently, samples were mounted on specimen stubs and coated with a thin film (< 20 mm) of gold and platinum layer using a sputter coater (Denton Desk V, Denton Vacuum, Moorestown, NJ, USA).
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3

Osteocyte Lacunae Quantification in Bone

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Femurs were stripped of soft tissue and fixed in 4% PFA for 48 hours before proceeding to dehydration and embedding steps as previously described Qing et al. (2012) (link). Briefly, femurs were dehydrated in graded ethanol and placed into acetone. Subsequently, the femurs were immersed in infiltration solution made of 85% destabilized methyl methacrylate (MMA, Sigma), 15% dibutyl phthalate (Sigma), 1% PEG400 (Sigma), and 0.7% benzoyl peroxide (Polysciences, Inc., Warrington, PA)/acetone until infiltration was complete. The femurs were then placed on pre-polymerized base layers, covered with freshly catalyzed MMA embedding solution (for 100 mL, 85mL MMA, 14mL dibutyl phthalate, 1mL PEG400, 0.33uL DMT, and 0.8g BPO), and incubated under vacuum until the MMA was polymerized. The polymerized blocks were trimmed, sequentially polished to a completely smooth surface, and coated with gold using a sputter coater (Desk V, Denton Vacuum, NJ, USA). Then BSEM (JEOL: JSM-7800F) was performed to image the osteocyte lacunae on the sectioned bone surface at 450X magnification starting 2 mm distal from the growth plate. Six fields from the endosteal and periosteal sides of the cortical bone were taken as described previously Qing and Bonewald (2009) . Using ImageJ (NIH), the images were thresholded for background removal, binarized, and the lacunar area from each sample quantitated.
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SEM Imaging of MDM Scaffolds

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MDM scaffolds were mounted on a copper covered platform (Ted Pella Inc., Redding, CA, USA) and sputter-coated (Desk V, Denton Vacuum, Moorestown, NJ, USA) with gold at 12 mA for 400 s. Samples were then scanned using the FEI XL30 environmental scanning electron microscope (Hillsboro, OR, USA) at an accelerating voltage of 10 kV and a magnification of 2000×.
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5

Structural Characterization of Scaffolds

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SEM was performed in a JEOL 7401F field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). Scaffolds were air-dried and sputter coated with gold particles (Denton Desk V, 10 s at 50 mA). The scaffolds were visualized on SEM using ~3 kV accelerating voltage and a working distance of ~8 mm. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) data were collected using a probe current of 12 mA and an accelerating voltage of 20 kV. Data from at least two different locations per sample were averaged and quantified.
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SEM Analysis of 3D Printed Scaffold Morphology

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The surface morphology of the 3D printed scaffolds was imaged using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to characterize the fiber morphology, roughness, and pore interconnectivity. Samples (n = 1 per formulation) were sputter-coated with 20 nm of gold (Denton Desk V, Moorestown, NJ) and SEM (FEI Quanta 400 ESEM FEG, FEICo, Hillsboro, OR) images were obtained at 2.00 kV (high voltage, HV) with 30 or 50× magnification following previous methods [38 (link)].
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7

Ultrastructural Analysis of Umbilical Cord

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Proximal umbilical cord samples were fixed in paraformaldehyde (2%)-glutaraldehyde (2,5%) cacodylate buffer solution (0.1 M; pH 7.2) for 24 h, washed with cacodylate buffer, postfixed in a solution of 2.5% potassium ferrocyanide for 1 h, and washed again in cacodylate buffer and ultrapure water. Stereomicroscopy was used to obtain longitudinal sections of vessels from the umbilical cord samples. Sections were dehydrated in ascending grades of ethanol, subjected to critical point drying in CO2 (Autosandri-815, Tousimis), coated with 10 nm of pure gold in a vacuum sputter coater (Desk V, Denton Vacuum) and studied in a direct mode using a scanning electron microscope (Jeol, JEM6610 LV).
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8

Glimepiride Drug Content Uniformity and Morphology

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Drug content uniformity: To test for homogeneity of drug content within batches of TSD & their adsorbates, ten random samples were taken from each batch. A fixed weight was stirred in methanol for 15 min, filtered and assayed spectrophotometrically for glimepiride content. Each experiment was done in triplicates.
Scanning electron microscopy: The surface morphology of glimepiride and formulae based on solid dispersion with the drug were visualized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM JSM-6390 LV, JEOL, Tokyo, Japan) at a working distance of 20 mm and an accelerated voltage of 15 kV. Samples were gold-coated with a sputtercoater (Desk V, Denton Vacuum, NJ, USA) before SEM observation under high vacuum of 45 mTorr and high voltage of 30 mV.
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9

Kidney Ultrastructure Imaging Protocol

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Kidney samples from different groups were fixed in paraformaldehyde (2%)-glutaraldehyde (2,5%) cacodylate buffer solution (0.1 M; pH 7.2) for 24 h, washed with cacodylate buffer, postfixed in a solution of 1.25% potassium ferrocyanide for 1 h at room temperature and washed again in cacodylate (0.1 M) buffer and ultrapure water. Longitudinal sections from kidney samples were infiltrated with glycerol solutions (rising from 15% to 30% over 5 minute intervals) to prevent the formation of ice crystals in the sample. After 3 h in glycerol (30%)-cacodylate (0.1 M) buffer solution, the samples were frozen to -80°C and fractured using cooled tweezers. Fractured samples of kidney were washed in cacodylate buffer and ultrapure water and dehydrated in ascending grades of ethanol, subjected to critical point drying in CO2 (Autosandri-815, Tousimis), coated with 10 nm of pure gold in a vacuum sputter coater (Desk V, Denton Vacuum) and studied using a scanning electron microscope (Jeol, JEM6610 LV) in direct mode.
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10

Registering Virus Samples for SEM Imaging

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To provide image comparisons, some of the virus samples under test were first coated with gold using a sputter coater (Denton Desk V) with a thickness of around 10 nm. The samples were then imaged using an SEM (Nova 600 SEM/FIB System). The following steps were performed to register the images, which is used for comparison purposes. First, easily identifiable marks were placed on the sample slides, before imaging with the lensfree platform. These marks are clearly visible in the reconstructed images, and during SEM imaging (even after metal coating), serve as the main anchors for image registration. Prior to SEM imaging, secondary anchor points (larger particles that are easier to register) are identified near the target particles. The horizontal and vertical distances of these targets with respect to the secondary anchors are calculated from the reconstructed image to form a roadmap. During the SEM imaging, the sample is first aligned such that the angular orientation of the slide matches the reconstructed image. Once the secondary anchors are identified, each target particle is visited by shifting the sample holder by appropriate distances. This step-by-step particle searching strategy enables us to register our images accurately, which is used for comparison.
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