Fresh mint leaves were obtained from a local market and were washed thoroughly before use. Cobalt(ii ) nitrate hexahydrate, ferrous sulphate heptahydrate, anhydrous ferric chloride, zinc nitrate hexahydrate, lead(ii ) nitrate, ferrous sulphate and mercury(ii ) chloride were purchased from Himedia Laboratories Pvt. Ltd, India. Copper chloride, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride and sodium chloride were purchased from Sisco Research Laboratories (SRL) Pvt. Ltd, India. Silver nitrate and cadmium nitrate tetrahydrate, manganous chloride, nickel nitrate, aluminium nitrate nonahydrate, potassium nitrate, potassium carbonate and sodium hydroxide were supplied by Merck Ltd, India. Ascorbic acid, citric acid, methionine, l -glutamic acid, l -cysteine, glycine, glucose and urea were purchased from Himedia Laboratories Pvt. Ltd. Solvents such as acetone, acetyl chloride, hexane, dimethyl sulfoxide were purchased from Merck Ltd, India. Methyl iodide, tetra butyl ammonium bromide and tetra ethyl acetate were supplied by SRL Pvt. Ltd, India. All the commercially available reagent grade chemicals were used as – received.
Citric acid
Manufactured by HiMedia
Sourced in India
Citric acid is a colorless, crystalline organic acid that is commonly used in various laboratory applications. It is a naturally occurring substance found in citrus fruits and is widely used as a pH regulator, chelating agent, and flavoring agent in a variety of industries.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Ascorbic acid, by HiMedia (3 mentions)
Nickel nitrate, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Urea, by HiMedia (2 mentions)
Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by HiMedia (2 mentions)
Sodium carbonate, by HiMedia (2 mentions)
Potato dextrose agar (pda), by HiMedia (2 mentions)
Acetic acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Sodium acetate, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Acetone, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Methanol, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Ethyl acetate, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Zinc nitrate hexahydrate, by HiMedia (1 mentions)
Acetyl chloride, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Ferrous sulphate, by HiMedia (1 mentions)
Aluminium nitrate nonahydrate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Ferrous sulphate heptahydrate, by HiMedia (1 mentions)
L cysteine, by HiMedia (1 mentions)
Mercury 2 chloride, by HiMedia (1 mentions)
Lead 2 nitrate, by HiMedia (1 mentions)
Cobalt 2 nitratehexahydrate, by HiMedia (1 mentions)
19 protocols using citric acid
1
Synthesis of Metal-Based Compounds
2
Amoxapine Cocrystal Preparation
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Amoxapine
was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich
and used without further purification. The cocrystal formers were
obtained from various commercial suppliers, such as Adipic acid from
Sigma-Aldrich;d -(−)-tartaric acid from Spectrochem
Pvt. Ltd., India; fumaric acid, maleic acid, and succinic acid from
Sisco Research Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., India; (+)tartaric acid from
Qualigens Fine Chemicals Pvt. Ltd., India; and citric acid, malonic
acid, andl -malic acid from HIMEDIA Laboratories Pvt. Ltd.,
India. Analytical grade solvents ethanol and methanol were obtained
from Merck, Millipore Corporation.
was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich
and used without further purification. The cocrystal formers were
obtained from various commercial suppliers, such as Adipic acid from
Sigma-Aldrich;
Pvt. Ltd., India; fumaric acid, maleic acid, and succinic acid from
Sisco Research Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., India; (+)tartaric acid from
Qualigens Fine Chemicals Pvt. Ltd., India; and citric acid, malonic
acid, and
India. Analytical grade solvents ethanol and methanol were obtained
from Merck, Millipore Corporation.
3
Vetiver Bioremediation of Contaminants
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HPLC grade Dichloromethane (DCM), p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (DMAB), citric acid, sodium hydroxide (NaOH), o-toluidine, and methanol were procured from HiMedia, Mumbai, India. All other chemicals used were analytical grade. Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides L.) slips were procured from the local nursery and grown in PVC pipes for 6 months to a root length of approximately 100 cm. Cowdung from a local farm was the source of microbial inoculum.
4
Diabetic Rat Model Protocols
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Ethanol and normal saline (0.9% NaCl) were obtained from the Central Medical Store of the Institution. Human Neutral Protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin, STZ, thiobarbituric acid, citric acid, sodium citrate, sodium hydroxide, and glucose estimation kits were obtained from Hi Media Laboratories Pvt., Limited, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. Kits for estimation of lipid profile were obtained from Crest Biosystems, Goa, India. Ether, thiopentone sodium, potassium phosphate buffer, hydrogen peroxide solution, and tricarboxylic acid were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich India, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. Crude powder of metformin was obtained from Aventis Pharma Limited, Goa, India. RIA kits for insulin assay were supplied by Board of Radiation and Isotope Technology, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India).
5
Optimizing Shoot Induction in Plant Tissue Culture
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The surface sterilized and antioxidant-treated nodal segments were inoculated vertically on Murashige and Skoog (MS; 1962 (link)) medium supplemented with 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, or 4.0 mg L−1 BAP or Kin (HiMedia®, Mumbai, India) for axillary shoot bud induction. Influence of 25 mg L−1 each of adenine sulfate, L-arginine, and citric acid and 50 mg L−1 ascorbic acid (all additives were procured from HiMedia®, India) on shoot growth and development were studied. Also, the effect of MS, ½ MS, WP (Lloyd and McCown 1981 ), or ½ WP on bud-breaking/shoot bud induction were optimized. The WP and MS media contained 2.0 and 3.0% (w/v) sucrose, respectively, and solidified with 0.8% (w/v) agar (Qualigens Fine Chemicals, Mumbai, India). The pH of medium with PGRs was adjusted to 5.8 ± 0.02 prior to autoclaving at 1.1 kg cm−2 pressure and 121°C temperature for 15 to 16 min. The cultures were initially incubated in dark for 2 to 3 d and thereafter shifted to growth room maintained at temperature 26 ± 2°C, photoperiod of 14 to 16-h with a light intensity of 40 to 50 μmol m−2 s−1 photon flux density (PFD) and relative humidity (RH) 60 ± 2%.
6
Analytical-Grade Chemical Synthesis
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Silver nitrate (AgNO3) as analytical grade, citric acid, ferric ammonium citrate, sodium nitrite, magnesium sulphate, calcium chloride, sodium carbonate, EDTA disodium salt, zinc sulphate, manganese chloride, copper sulphate, sodium molybdate, and cobalt nitrate were purchased from Himedia Laboratories Pvt., Ltd., while dipotassium hydrogen phosphate and boric acid were purchased from SRL (Mumbai, India).
7
Ketorolac Tromethamine Formulation Development
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Ketorolac tromethamine was generously gifted by Ranbaxy Laboratories Ltd. (Gurgaon, India). a-pinene, l-limonene, and fenchone were purchased from Sigma Chemical Company (St. Louis, USA). Propylene glycol (PG), acetone, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl formamide, ascorbic acid, citric acid, isopropyl myristate, tweens (20, 80) and spans (20, 40, 80), and triton X-100 were obtained from Hi-Media, Mumbai, India. All other chemicals utilized were of suitable analytical grade.
8
Optimized Aloe Vera Tissue Culture
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As the basal medium, the MS medium (Duchefa Biochemic, Netherland) containing 3% (w/v) sucrose (SRL, India), 10 mg/l citric acid, and 8 g/l agar (HiMedia Laboratories Private Limited, India) was used throughout the experiments. citric acid was used to control the effect of browning in Aloe (Kumar et al., 2016 (link); Meziani et al., 2016 (link)). The pH of the medium was adjusted to 5.8 before autoclaving at 121°C and 15 psi for 20 min. All the cultures were incubated in an incubation room and maintained at an 8/16 h photoperiod with a light intensity of 35 μmol ∙ m-2 s-1 at 25±2°C.
9
Synthesis of Multifunctional Nanocomposites
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All the chemicals used in the experiment were of analytical grade. Epinephrine and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (> 90% purity, OD 110–170 nm, length 5–9 µm, purity) were bought from Sigma Aldrich. Alfa-Aesar, Loba Chemie and Merck provided cobalt nitrate hexahydrate (Co(NO3)2.6H2O), neodymium oxide (Nd2O3) and aluminium nitrate nonahydrate (Al(NO3)3.9H2O, respectively. Ethylene glycol (CH2OH)2, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and citric acid were procured from Himedia Laboratories Pvt. Ltd, and s-d fine chem. Ltd, respectively. Using a suitable amount of ethanol (C2H5OH), 0.1 M stock solution of EP was prepared. Aqueous solutions of 0.1 M sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH2PO4) and disodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4) were made individually and mixed in an approximate ratio to get a 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution (PBS, pH 7.0). All solutions were made using triple distilled water.
10
Culturing Microbial Strains for Fermentation Studies
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K. intermedius and D. bruxellensis culture used in this study were previously isolated by Devanthi et al. [10 (link)] and were stored in 1.5 mL of 20% glycerol solution at −80 °C until use. PT Andalan Furnindo, Indonesia, supplied molasses with brown/black color, containing 77.6% Brix, 46.9% sucrose, 50.8% inverted sugar, 1.4% specific gravity and 60.8% purity. Pure caffeine (PureBulk, Roseburg, OR, USA) was purchased from the local market in Jakarta. The pH of molasses was maintained by adding an acetate buffer prepared using acetic acid (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) and sodium acetate (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). Microbiological growth media used were Potato Dextrose Broth (PDB) and Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) (HiMedia, Mumbai, India) and Hestrin Schramm (HS) comprised of 20 g/L glucose, 5 g/L peptone, 5 g/L yeast extract, 2.7 g/L Na2HPO4, and 1.15 g/L citric acid. For cell enumeration, the bacteria and yeast growth were controlled by supplementing the agar media with acetic acid (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) and NaCl (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), respectively.
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