RNA was extracted from Trizol-lysed cells and 1 μg of total RNA was used for each sample. Polyadenylated RNA was selected using Ambion Dynabeads mRNA Purification Kit (Life Technologies 61006) and fragmented with Fragmentation Buffer (Ambion, #AM8740). First strand synthesis was performed using Random Hexamer Primers (Invitrogen, #48190-011) and SuperScript II (Invitrogen, #18064-014). Second strand synthesis was performed using DNA Pol I (Invitrogen #18010-025) and RNA was removed using RNaseH (Invitrogen #18021-014).
Libraries were end-repaired, 3′ A-tailed, and ligated to NEBNext Multiplex Oligo Adaptors (NEB E7335S). Sequencing was performed on an Illumina NextSeq 500 by Stanford Functional Genomics Facility.
Reads were mapped to hg19 annotation using Tophat238 (link) (version 2.0.13) and transcript expression was quantified against RefSeq gene annotations using featureCounts39 (link). Differential testing and log2 fold change calculation was performed using DESeq240 (link) with default multiple hypothesis adjustment to reduce false positives (Benjamini-Hochberg, FDR = 0.1). Gene Ontology analyses were performed using DAVID41 (link),42 (link).