Par 2

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States

The PAR-2 is a laboratory equipment product manufactured by Merck Group. It is designed to measure and analyze biological samples. The core function of the PAR-2 is to perform specific assays and provide quantitative data. No further details on the intended use or interpretation of the product are available.

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Lab products found in correlation

Reddymix, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions) Par 1, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Interferon ifn γ, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions) Chloroquine cq, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Tnf α, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions) Fetal bovine serum (fbs), by Cytiva (1 mentions) Penicillin streptomycin solution, by Cytiva (1 mentions) Caco 2, by American Type Culture Collection (1 mentions) Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), by Duchefa Biochemie (1 mentions)

3 protocols using par 2

Typing of Endodontic P. acnes Isolates

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Endodontic P. acnes isolates identified by partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing were typed by partial recA gene sequencing [18 (link)]. All selected P. acnes isolates were subcultured on FAA and grown for 24 h.
The P. acnes recA gene was amplified using primer PAR-1 (positions −96 to −75; 5′-AGCTCGGTGGGGTTCTCTCATC-3′) and primer PAR-2 (positions +1105 to +1083; 5′-GCTTCCTCATACCACTGGTCATC-3′), which generated a 1201-bp amplicon [18 (link)]. The reaction mix (final volume, 25 μl) comprised of 0.5 μl of PAR-1 (concentration 10 pmol/μl; Sigma), 0.5 μl of PAR-2 (concentration 10 pmol/μl; Sigma), 23 μl of Reddymix (Thermo Scientific) and 1 μl DNA extract.
The thermal cycling conditions included initial denaturation at 95 °C for 3 min, denaturation at 95 °C for 1 min, annealing at 55 °C for 30 s, and extension at 72 °C for 90 s, repeated for 35 cycles and a final extension at 72 °C for 10 min. Amplified products were run on a 0.5 % agarose gel and visualized under UV transillumination.
Sequencing was performed as described above. The P. acnes recA sequences were compared with GenBank sequences AY642055 (type IA), EU687255 (type IB), AY642061 (type II) and DQ672252 (type III). NJ trees were constructed using the Jukes-Cantor method with MEGA (version 4.1) software (www.megasoftware.net/).

Niazi S.A., Al Kharusi H.S., Patel S., Bruce K., Beighton D., Foschi F, & Mannocci F. (2016). Isolation of Propionibacterium acnes among the microbiota of primary endodontic infections with and without intraoral communication. Clinical Oral Investigations, 20(8), 2149-2160.

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Caco-2 Cell Cytokine and PAR2 Modulation

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Human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (Caco-2) were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA). Cells were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) with high glucose (4.5 g/L; Hyclone Laboratories, Logan, UT, USA), 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS, Hyclone Laboratories), and 100 U/mL penicillin–streptomycin solution (Hyclone Laboratories) at 37 °C in a 5% CO₂ atmosphere.
The Caco-2 cells were pretreated with serum-free medium (SFM) for 24 h for equalization. GB83 (Axon Medchem, Groningen, The Netherlands), a PAR2 antagonist, was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; Duchefa, Haarlem, The Netherlands) and treated at a concentration of 10 μM in Caco-2 cells. PAR2-activating peptide (PAR2-AP; Peptron, Daejeon, Korea) was dissolved in distilled water and cells were treated at a concentration of 100 μM. The cytokine cocktail (CC) was a mixture of human interleukin (IL)-1β, TNF-α, and interferon (IFN)-γ (PeproTech Inc., Rocky, Hill, NJ, USA), with working concentrations of 1, 20, and 10 ng/mL, respectively. Chloroquine (CQ, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) was dissolved in distilled water to a final concentration of 100 μM. Cells were treated with GB83 for 24 h, with CC for 6 h, with PAR2 for 6 or 24 h, and with CQ for 24 h.

Kim Y., Lee Y., Heo G., Jeong S., Park S., Yoo J.W., Jung Y, & Im E. (2022). Modulation of Intestinal Epithelial Permeability via Protease-Activated Receptor-2-Induced Autophagy. Cells, 11(5), 878.

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Molecular Typing of Propionibacterium acnes

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All randomly selected isolates were sub-cultured on FAA plates and grown for 24 h.
Bacterial genomic DNA was extracted by boiling 100 μl of a suspension of the cultured cells prepared in sterile dH 2 O for 10 min, followed by cooling on ice for 10 min and centrifuged at 13,000 × g for 2 min (21) The P. acnes recA gene was amplified using primer PAR-1 (positions -96 to -75; 5'-AGCTCGGTGGGGTTCTCTCATC-3') and primer PAR-2 (positions +1105 to +1083; 5'-GCTTCCTCATACCACTGGTCATC-3'), which generated a 1,201-bp amplicon (21) . The reaction mix (final volume, 25 μl) comprised of 0.5 μl of PAR-1 (concentration 10 pmol/μl; Sigma), 0.5 μl of PAR-2 (concentration 10 pmol/μl; Sigma), 23 μl of Reddymix (Thermo Scientific) and 1 μl DNA extract.
The thermal cycling conditions included initial denaturation at 95°C for 3 min, denaturation at 95°C for 1 min, annealing at 55°C for 30 s, and extension at 72°C for 90 s, repeated for 35 cycles, and a final extension at 72°C for 10 min. Amplified products were run on a 0.5% agarose gel and visualized under UV transillumination.
Sequencing was performed as described above. The P. acnes recA sequences were compared with GenBank sequences AY642055 (type IA), EU687255 (type IB), AY642061 (type II), and DQ672252 (type III). NJ trees were constructed using the Jukes-Cantor method with MEGA (version 6) software (www.megasoftware.net/).

Niazi S.A., Vincer L, & Mannocci F. (2016). Glove Contamination during Endodontic Treatment Is One of the Sources of Nosocomial Endodontic Propionibacterium acnes Infections. Journal of endodontics, 42(8).

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