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3 protocols using ytterbium 3 oxide

1

Synthesis and Characterization of Rare-Earth Nanoparticles

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Gadolinium(III) oxide
(99.9%), yttrium(III)
oxide (99.9%), ytterbium(III) oxide (99.9%), and thulium(III) oxide
(99.9%) were purchased from Alfa-Aesar (Haverhill, MA, USA). OA (90%),
ODE (90%), oleylamine (97%), hydrochloric acid (37%), trifluoroacetic
acid (TFA, 99%), sodium trifluoroacetate (98%), sodium hydroxide (≥97%),
ammonium fluoride (≥98%), anhydrous methanol (99.8%), toluene
(99.7%), n-hexane (97%), ethanol (99.8%), PBS, and
AlamarBlue cell viability reagent were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich
(St. Louis, MO, USA). Sodium neridronate and PEG-Ner were prepared
according to earlier reports.40 (link),61 (link) The cellulose dialysis
membrane (Mw cutoff 14 kDa) was purchased
from Spectrum Europe (Breda, Netherlands). In the experiments, Q-water
ultrafiltered on a Milli-Q Gradient A10 purification system (Millipore,
Molsheim, France) and all chemicals were used as received without
further purification.
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2

Synthesis of Luminescent Nanomaterials

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Yttrium (III) oxide (Y2O3 99.99%), ytterbium (III) oxide (Yb2O3, 99.99%), and holmium (III) oxide (Ho2O3 99.99%), trifluoroacetic acid (TFA, 99.99%), oleic acid (90%), and 1-octadecene (90%) were from Alfa Aesar (Ward Hill, MA, USA). The peptide EDLKVQHSSYRQRA from the sequence of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) was ordered from Yao-Hong Biotechnology Inc. (HPLC-grade, New Taipei City, Taiwan). Lithium carbonate (Li2CO3, 98%), poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol), EVAL, with ethylene 38 mol%, 3-triethoxysilylpropylamine (APTES), merocyanine 540 (MC540) and RT-PCR primers (Table 1), were from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), from Panreac (Barcelona, Spain), was used as the solvent to dissolve EVAL polymer particles at a concentration of 1 wt%. Absolute ethyl alcohol and 95% ethanol were from J. T. Baker (ACS grade, NJ, USA) and ECHO Chemical Co. (Miaoli, Taiwan), respectively.
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3

Synthesis of Yb3+, Er3+-Codoped REPO4 Nanoparticles

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The Yb3+, Er3+-codoped
REPO4 NPs (RE: Y3+, Lu3+, La3+, and Gd3+) were synthesized via the precipitation
method. All chemicals: ytterbium(III) oxide, Yb2O3 (99.99%, Alfa Aesar), europium(III) oxide, Er2O3 (99.9%, Alfa Aesar), yttrium(III) oxide Y2O3 (99.99%, Alfa Aesar), lutetium(III) oxide Lu2O3 (99.99%, Alfa Aesar), lanthanum(III) oxide La2O3 (99.99%, Alfa Aesar), gadolinium(III) oxide Gd2O3 (99.99%, Alfa Aesar), ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (NH4)H2PO4 (98.0%, Alfa Aesar), and polyethylene
glycol (99.5%, Chempur) were used without further purification.
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