Phenom g1

The morphology of the obtained structures was examined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM, Phenom G1, Phenom World, Eindhoven, The Netherlands). Rectangular fragments were cut out from each cylindrical structure (n = 4). The internal and external surfaces were analyzed. Additionally, surface pore sizes were measured manually (n = 100 per variant) and wall thicknesses (n = 5, in 3 different spots) for materials considered to be most advantageous in terms of morphology. The measurements were performed based on SEM images with Fiji software [74 (link)].
For selected the materials, the surfaces and cross-sections were analyzed with a stereoscopic microscope (Leica, Wetzlar, Germany). The internal diameter was measurement manually using ImageJ.

Samples’ morphology was analyzed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM, Phenom G1, Phenom World, Eindhoven, The Netherlands). Rectangular fragments were cut from each cylindrical structure (n = 4). The internal surfaces were examined, and images from randomly selected spots were captured. Surface pore sizes (n = 100) were measured with ImageJ based on SEM images [57 (link)].

The nanoparticles were mixed with potassium bromide at the ratio of 2 to 100, ground, pressed, and then detected by Fourier transform infrared detector (Thermo, Waltham, MA, USA). The hydrated particle size and zeta potential of nanoparticles were obtained by laser particle size analyzer (Malvern, Worcestershire, UK). The freeze-dried nanoparticles were attached to a conductive adhesive, plated with gold, and scanned by a scanning electron microscope (SEM, Phenom G1, Phenom World, Eindhoven, The Netherlands). The ultrasonically dispersed nanoparticle suspension was dropped onto the support film and allowed to stand until the water evaporated completely. The samples were observed by transmission electron microscope (TEM, JEM-1400 Flash, Akishima-shi, Tokyo, Japan) after vacuum coating.

The 10 mol % (In + Nb) co-doped TiO₂ samples was synthesized using the standard conventional solid-state reaction (SCSS) method, where the rutile TiO₂ (99.9%), Nb₂O₅ (99.99%) and In₂O₃ (99.99%) powders were used as raw materials. Powders were mixed and then uniaxially pressed to a disk. At last, the disk was sintered at 1500 °C in air for 20 h with a 2 °C/min. heating rate by the SCSS method. While the single crystal with the same composition was prepared by the optical floating zone method in an image furnace. Starting materials of dried TiO₂, In₂O₃, and Nb₂O₅ were mixed into a test tube, typically 6 mm in diameter and 100 mm long, and heated at 1500 °C for 20 hours after being hydraulic pressed under an isostatic pressure of 70 MPa. The single crystal was grown in the air by the rate of 10 mm/h.
The phase of samples was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD, X’PERT PRO MPD, Holland).X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, ESCALAB 250Xi, USA) was used to analyze the valence state of different elements. The microstructure was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM, FEI PHENOM G1). The dielectric properties and the impedance spectroscopy were measured using Agilent 4980 A in PPMS (Physical Property Measurement System) and stove at low and high temperature, respectively.

In this study, 7–8 d old female adult yellow fever mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti, were used to investigate mosquito blood feeding on our electrical mosquito-resistant cloth. The mosquitoes were reared at 27 ± 1 °C, 80% relative humidity, and with a 14:10 h light:dark cycle by methods describe before [13 (link)].
Aedes aegypti head morphometrics was used to design the physical structure of the MRC (structure and principle of function for the MRC are described in more detail later). Mosquito morphometrics (head diameter and proboscis length and diameter) were measured with a digital microscope (Monozoom-7 Zoom Microscope, Bausch and Lomb, Bridgewater, NJ, USA) and a Phenom G1 desktop scanning electron microscope (SEM; Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA, USA) in the Phenom SEM and Forensic Textile Microscopy Laboratory at North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.

The samples were dried and mounted on stubs using double-sided carbon tape. They were sputter-coated with gold/palladium using a SC7620 Mini Sputter Coater (Quorum Technologies, East Sussex, UK) for 45 s, resulting in a 10 nm coating. Samples were imaged with a Phenom G1 desktop SEM (Phenom, ThermoFisher, Eindhoven, The Netherlands). A total of 9 samples were analyzed per time point, and 4 images were taken from each sample. The morphology of the yarns was observed at biweekly intervals. The images were analyzed for surface and bulk degradation.