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7 protocols using thunder imager microscope

1

Histological Analysis of Arterial and Liver Tissues

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Movat and picrosirius red staining of brachiocephalic arteries and masson trichrome staining of liver sections were imaged by using a Leica thunder imager microscope. Image acquisition was performed with Leica software. Digitized images were analyzed with Fijisoftware. Immunofluorescent staining was imaged using a Zeiss LSM880 airy scan confocal microscope to acquire a series of z-stack images at 1-μm intervals. Zen 2009 Light Edition Software (Zeiss) was used for the analysis of each z-stack image and single-cell counting was performed for phenotyping and quantifying the cell population comprised within the 30μm thick layer proximal to the lumen (i.e., fibrous cap area). Assessment of α-SMA+ cap thickness (normalized to lesion) was performed using Zen 2009 Light Edition Software. Maximal intensity projection of representative images wereused to generate the representative images included in the figures.
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2

Immunofluorescence and Histological Analyses

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Movat and Picrosirius red staining of BCAs and Masson trichrome staining of liver sections were imaged by using a Leica thunder imager microscope. Image acquisition was performed with Leica software. Digitized images were analyzed with Fiji software. Immunofluorescence staining was imaged using a Zeiss LSM880 airy scan confocal microscope to acquire a series of Z stack images at 1 μm intervals. Zen 2009 Light Edition Software (Zeiss) was used for the analysis of each Z stack image, and single-cell counting was performed for phenotyping and quantifying the cell population comprised within the 30 μm–thick layer proximal to the lumen (i.e., fibrous cap area). Assessment of α-SMA+ cap thickness (normalized to lesion) was performed using Zen 2009 Light Edition Software. Maximal intensity projection of representative images was used to generate the representative images included in the figures.
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3

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Murine Cochlea

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C57BL/6 mice, aged 4 weeks, were sacrificed, and their whole mount cochleae were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde at room temperature for 1 hour, followed by three washes with PBS. The organ of Corti was then isolated from each fixed cochlea. The samples were treated with a blocking buffer containing 2% BSA, 0.1% Triton X-100, and 5% normal goat serum for 1 hour at room temperature. The samples were incubated with anti-FDXR antibody diluted 1:100 at 4 °C for 2 days and subsequently washed three times with PBS. The secondary antibody, Alexa Fluor 488 goat anti-rabbit (ab150077, Abcam), was diluted 1:400 and mixed with Rhodamine phalloidin (Invitrogen, R415), then incubated overnight at 4 °C. After three washes with PBS, the samples were mounted with a mounting medium containing DAPI to prepare slides for imaging with the THUNDER Imager microscope (Leica).
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4

Mitochondrial Morphology Analysis

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Immunocytochemical analysis was carried out with cells adhering to cover slips in 24-well plates. After treatment with selected doses of palmitate for 1.5 h, the cells were fixed for 10 min in 4% formaldehyde, incubated for 10  min in 0.1% Triton X-100 solution, washed 3 times in PBS, and treated for 1 h at room temperature with 1% BSA. Thereafter, the cells were incubated with anti-TOM20 antibody at 4 °C overnight. The next day, the cells were washed with PBS and incubated for 1 h with FITC. Cell nuclei were stained by DAPI. Mitochondrial morphology was observed using a THUNDER Imager microscope equipped with a 100× objective (Leica, Wetzlar, Germany).
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5

Intestine mRNA Localization via RNAscope

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mRNAs were localized by the RNAscope (Advanced Cell Diagnostics) method78 (link) on intestines collected from at least 3 different animals per treatment. Probe sets were designed by Advanced Cell Diagnostics for Id1, Bmp5, Chrdl1, Grem1, Grem2, Hhip, Noggin, Olfm4, Axin2, Osr1, Pcp4, Rspo1, Rspo2, and Rspo3. After hybridization according to the manufacturer’s protocols, tissue sections were washed for 5 min in PBS containing 0.1% Tween-20, blocked for 1 h at room temperature in PBS containing 5% normal goat serum, and exposed overnight at 4oC to Laminin (Sigma, L9393, 1:1,000) or GFP (Abcam, ab6556, 1:100) Ab. After multiple 5-min washes in PBS and 90-min incubation with AlexaFluor-conjugated secondary Ab as above (Invitrogen) at room temperature, DAPI was applied and slides were mounted according to the RNAscope protocol. Images were taken using a Leica SP5X laser scanning confocal or a Leica Thunder Imager microscope and processed using ImageJ Fiji software.75 (link) For quantitation in SM layers delineated by laminin (Figure S3B and S3E, 2 samples), each cell with at least 1 fluorescent ISH dot was counted as one and reported as a fraction of all SM cells present in the respective sub-compartment. Every cell with at least one Olfm4+ or Axin2+ ISH dot was reported per crypt (Figure 6C, >40 crypts per sample).
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6

Histological and Immunohistochemical Analysis of Aortic Valve Tissue

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One aortic valve from an AS patient was processed with this methodology. After surgical sample collection, valve leaflets were fixed in 10% buffered formalin for 24 h and processed for paraffin embedding using standard procedures for histological and IHC analysis. The specimens were sectioned at 4 µm thickness and stained with haematoxylin–eosin (H&E). Decalcification with a 10% EDTA solution was done if needed.
For IHC analysis, 3 µm-thick sections were obtained, and immunostaining was performed using the rabbit monoclonal antibody anti-CD3 (1:150) (Abcam ab16669, Cambridge, UK) with the Envision FLEX/HRP system (Dako, Glostrup, Denmark). For IHC staining, the secondary antibody (Envision FLEX/HRP) was used for 30 min at room temperature, followed by 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB) staining (Dako, Glostrup, Denmark) before being counterstained with Harris haematoxylin. Human lymph node was used as a positive control for CD3 antibody and staining in the absence of the primary antibody was used as a negative control. IHC images were acquired using a Leica microscope (Leica Microsystems, Wetzlar, Germany) and a Thunder Imager microscope (Leica Microsystems, Wetzlar, Germany), respectively.
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7

Quantifying Apoptotic Cells in Zebrafish Brains

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To assess apoptotic cells in the anterior brain of developing fish expressing WT and mutant ARF3, live staining with acridine orange (AO) was performed. Briefly, microinjected larvae at 48 hpf were incubated with 100 µg acridine orange (Sigma-Aldrich, A6014) in E3 medium for 1 h in the dark at 28 °C then washed extensively with E3 and mounted for microscopy in multi-well dishes using 1.5% low melting agarose/E3 (Sigma-Aldrich, A9414). Live z-stacks of the anterior forebrain in x, y, z were acquired at the Thunder Imager microscope (Leica Microsystems), using HC PL Fluotar ×10/0.32 DRY objective, 2048 × 2048 format, 475-nm excitation line and with a z-step of 5 µm. AO+ spots were counted using the “multi-points” tool of Fiji151 (link) after adjusting brightness and contrast equally across all the conditions of a single experiment.
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