Fresh granadilla, a total of 10 kg, was purchased in a local market (Manizales -Colombia). Acetone, sodium carbonate, and Folin-Ciocalteu reagent were purchased from PanReac AppliChem, ITW Reagents, (Darmstadt -Germany); acetonitrile, ammonium formate, formic acid, methanol, sodium dodecyl sulphate, and hydrated sodium taurocholate were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO -USA). Sodium nitrite and aluminium chloride were obtained from LOBA Chemie (Mumbai -India), and sodium hydroxide was obtained from EMSURE Merck (Darmstadt -Germany). UHPLC reference standards apigenin, cafeic acid, caffeine, carnosic acid, (±)-catechin, cyanidin, cyanidin-3-rutinoside, (-)-epicatechin, (-)-epicathechin gallate, (-)-epigallocatechin, (-)-epigalocathechin gallate, ferulic acid, kaempferol, kaempferol 3-glucoside, luteolin, naringenin, p-coumaric acid, pelargonidin, pelargonidin-3-glucoside, pinocembrine, quercetin, quercetin 3-glucoside, kaempferol 3-glucoside, rosmarinic acid, teofiline, theobromine, ursolic acid, and vanillic acid were acquired from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO -USA). Human tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin -6 (IL-6) kits were obtained from BioLegend (San Diego, CA -USA).
Kaempferol 3 glucoside
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany
Kaempferol-3-glucoside is a chemical compound used in laboratory research. It is a flavonoid glycoside that can be extracted from various plant sources. The core function of Kaempferol-3-glucoside is as a biochemical standard and research tool for analytical procedures.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
P coumaric acid, by Merck Group (11 mentions)
Epicatechin, by Merck Group (9 mentions)
Gallic acid, by Merck Group (9 mentions)
Caffeic acid, by Merck Group (9 mentions)
Catechin, by Merck Group (8 mentions)
Quercetin, by Merck Group (8 mentions)
Quercetin 3 glucoside, by Merck Group (8 mentions)
Ferulic acid, by Merck Group (7 mentions)
Kaempferol, by Merck Group (7 mentions)
Apigenin, by Merck Group (6 mentions)
Naringenin, by Merck Group (6 mentions)
Formic acid, by Merck Group (6 mentions)
Chlorogenic acid, by Merck Group (6 mentions)
Epigallocatechin, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Myricetin, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Vanillic acid, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Acetonitrile, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Luteolin, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Caffeine, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Pelargonidin, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
21 protocols using kaempferol 3 glucoside
1
Granadilla Phytochemical Profiling and Bioactivity
2
Phytochemical Analysis of Natural Antioxidants
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Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) provided 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCF-DA), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Folin–Ciocalteu (F–C) reagent, gallic acid, AlCl3, Griess reagent, NG-Methyl-L-arginine acetate salt (L-NMMA), WY14643, CaCl2, and HPLC grade standards of quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, kaempferol 3-glucoside, isorhamnetin 3-glucoside, quercetin 3-glucoside, and quercetin 3,4′-diglucoside. Solvents for extraction and fractionation (ethanol, n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol) and formic acid were purchased from Daejung Chemicals & Metals (Siheung, Republic of Korea). Solvents for LC/MS (methanol, acetonitrile) were purchased from Honeywell Burdick & Jackson (Muskegon, MI, USA).
3
Phaseolus vulgaris Bioactive Compound Analysis
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Black-seeded common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv Negro de vaina morada) were cultivated in November 2018 and collected in March 2019 in Chiapas, Mexico. Seeds were stored at 4 °C until use. Ultrapure water, ethanol (≥99%), sodium carbonate, 2 N Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, gallic acid, chlorohydric acid, potassium chloride, sodium acetate, Amberlite® XAD-7HP, formic acid, n-hexane (≥95%), ethyl acetate (≥99.7%), methanol (≥99%), trifluoracetic acid (TFA), acetonitrile (≥99.9%), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchrome-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox®), potassium persulfate, sodium nitroprusside, Griess reagent, gallic acid (≥99%), genistein (≥98%), myricetin (≥96%), apigenin-7-glucoside (≥90%), epigallocatechin gallate (≥80%), kaempferol-3-glucoside (≥95%), quercetin-3-glucoside (≥90%), quercetin-3-D-galactoside (≥98%), delphinidin 3-O-glucoside (≥98%), malvidin 3-O-glucoside (≥98%), and petunidin-3-O-glucoside (≥98%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). iNOS inhibitor screening kit (Fluorometric) was purchased from Biovision (Milpitas, CA, USA). COX-1 (ovine) and COX-2 (human) inhibitor screening assay kits were purchased from Cayman Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). CO2 gases were obtained from Grupo Infra (Guadalajara, Jal., México).
4
Phenolics and Capsaicinoids Standards Protocol
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Several standards were used for phenolics and capsaicinoids. For individual phenolics tyrosol caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, apigenin-7-glucoside, luteolin-7-glucoside, kaempferol-3-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside, and oleuropein (Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH, Steinheim, Germany) were used; for capsaicinoids capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin, and nordihydrocapsaicin (Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH, Steinheim, Germany) were used.
5
Antioxidant and Enzyme Inhibition Assays
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Caffeic acid, quercetin, quercetin-3-galactoside, gallic acid, p-coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid, rutin, luteolin, phloretin, epicatechin, kaempferol-3-glucoside, catechin, quercetin, procyanidin B1, pyrogallol, epicatechin 3′-O-gallate, 3-hydroxybenzoic acid, protocatechuic acid, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, polydatin, Folin-Ciocalteu phenol reagent (FCR), α-amylase from aspergillus oryzae, porcine pepsin, acarbose, rat intestinal powder, ammonium molybdate, Trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid), DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), p-nitrophenyl-α-d-glucopyranoside, potassium persulfate, bile salts, LC-MS grade formic acid, and HPLC grade acetic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Castle Hill, NSW, Australia). Pancreatin was obtained from Alfa Aesar (Ward Hill, MA, USA). NaCl, Na2CO3, KCl, NaOH, HCl, NaHCO3, (NH4)2CO3, MgCl2(H2O)6, CaCl2, KH2PO4, K2HPO4, Na3PO4, HPLC grade methanol and acetonitrile were purchased from Chem-supply Pty Ltd. (Melbourne, VIC, Australia).
6
Supercritical Fluid Extraction Protocols
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All reagents used in this work were at least of analytical reagent grade and used as received. SFE experiments were performed using CO2 and ethanol as modifier. Solvents were purchased from Air Product and Chemicals (Allentown, PA, USA) and VWR chemicals (Radnor, PA, USA). Ottawa sand was provided by Fisher Scientific (Leicestershire, UK). Glass wool was acquired from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinhemin, Germany). LC-MS-grade acetonitrile was purchased from Fisher chemicals (Waltham, MA, USA) and double-deionized water (conductivity of <18.0 MΩ) was obtained using a Milli-Q system acquired from Millipore (Bedford, MA, USA). Formic acid was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). Apigenin, loganic acid, kaempferol 3-glucoside, quercetin, and verbascoside were purchased either from Fluka, Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany) or Extrasynthese (Genay Cedex, France).
7
Antioxidant Compounds Characterization
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6-Hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox; 97%); 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl hydrate (DPPH); 2,4,6-tris(2-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine (TPTZ; ≥ 98%); 3-aminophthal-hydrazide (Luminol; 97%); 2,2′-azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride (AAPH; 97%); Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (2N); p-hydroxybenzoic acid (≥ 99%), chlorogenic acid (≥ 95%), p-coumaric acid (≥ 98%), caffeic acid ≥ 98%, ferulic acid (99%), syringic acid (≥ 95%), gallic acid (97.5–102.5%), ellagic acid (≥ 95%), and ascorbic acid (≥ 99%); beta-carotene (≥ 95%); rutin (≥ 94%); kaempferol (≥ 90%); kaempferol-3-glucoside (≥ 97%); malvidin (≥ 95%); delphinidin (≥ 95%); pelargonidin (≥ 95%); cyanidin (≥ 95%); cyanidin-3-glucoside (≥ 95%); quercetin-3-O-galactoside (hyperoside; ≥ 97%); quercetin-3-beta-D-glucoside (isoquercitrin; ≥ 90%); and quercetin-3-rhamnoside (quercitrin; ≥ 78%) were obtained from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Quercetin (≥ 98%) was purchased from Jassem Chemical (Beerse, Belgium). Vanillic acid (≥ 97%) was purchased from Fluka Chemical (Bochus, Switzerland).
8
Characterization of Phytochemicals and Antioxidants
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Distilled water was obtained using the Milli-Q water purification system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA). Ethanol (96%), sodium acetate (99%) and iron (III) chloride hexahydrate were purchased from Kemika d.d. (Zagreb, Croatia), methanol and sodium bicarbonate from Gram-mol d.o.o. (Zagreb, Croatia), and sodium chloride from Lach-ner (Neratovice, Czech Republic). Maltodextrin (DE 4–7) was procured from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA), and β-cyclodextrin, gum arabic, 2,4,6-tri(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine (TPTZ) and 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox) were from Acros Organics (Geel, Belgium). Pepsin, pancreatin, bile salts and 2,2-diphenyl-1-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)hydrazyl (DPPH) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) and hydrochloric acid (37%) from Carlo Erba Reagents (Val-de-Reuil, France), while acetic acid was purchased from J.T.Baker (Deventer, The Netherlands). Standards for gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, protocatechuic acid, synaptic acid, ferulic acid, quinic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, esculetin, quercetin-3-glucoside, kaempferol-3-glucoside, scopoletin and myricetin were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) and catechin, epigallocatechin gallate, epicatechin gallate, luteolin, naringenin and apigenin were obtained from Extrasynthese (Genay, France).
9
Standardized Flavonoids and Phenolic Acids Analysis
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Standard (purity > 98%) flavonoids and phenolic acids including quinic acid, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, epicatechin, 5-caffeoylquinic acid, catechin, p-cumaric acid, apigenin-7-O-glucoside, ferulic acid, naringin, rutin, quercetin 3 galattoside, hesperidin, rosamarinic acid, kaempferol 3 glucoside, ellagic acid, diosmin, genistein, isorhamnetin 3 rutinoside, myricetin, daidzein, quercetin, naringenin, gallic acid, luteolin, and apigenin were provided from Sigma-Aldrich (Milan, Italy). For the antioxidant experiments, 2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchromane-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), gallic acid, potassium persulphate, 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolio chloride (TPTZ), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), anhydrous ferric chloride, sodium acetate, and hydrochloric acid were provided from Sigma-Aldrich. Standards and enzymes used to simulate GI process were: pepsin, bile salt, α-amylase, pancreatin, bacterial protease from Streptomyces griseus (Pronase E), Viscozyme L and pancreatin were provided from Sigma-Aldrich. Moreover, Megazyme® phytic acid assay kit, ammonium molybdate, potassium persulfate, calcium chloride, sodium carbonate, hydrochloric acid, acetate buffer, ferric chloride (FeCl3) and sodium chloride were provided from Sigma-Aldrich.
10
Analytical Standards for Diverse Metabolites
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Several standards were used for all individual primary and secondary metabolites. For the sugars sucrose, glucose, and fructose (Sigma–Aldrich Chemie GmbH, Steinheim, Germany); for organic acids oxalic acid, citric acid, malic acid, succinic acid, quinic acid, ascorbic acid, and fumaric acid (Sigma–Aldrich Chemie GmbH, Steinheim, Germany); for individual phenolics caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, 5-caffeoxlquinic acid, apigenin-7-glucoside, luteolin-7-glucoside, kaempferol-3-glucoside, quercetin rhamnoside, quercetin rutinoside, and isorhamnetin-3-glucoside (Sigma–Aldrich Chemie GmbH, Steinheim, Germany); and for capsaicnoids capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin, and nordihydrocapsaicin (Sigma–Aldrich Chemie GmbH, Steinheim, Germany).
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