Hydrogen peroxide h2o2

Tetrahydrobenzimidazole (TMQ) 0153 was synthetized from p-benzoquinone as previously described^{12 (link)}. 2′-deoxy-5-azacytidine (5-aza; A3656), 3-methyladenine (3-MA; M9281), bafilomycin (baf-A1; #B1793), N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC; LAA21), thapsigargin (TSG; T9033), PP242 (P0037), shikonin (SHK; S7576) and necrostatin-1 (Nec-1; N9037) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Chloroquine (CQ; NZ-51031-K200) was purchased from Enzo Life Science (ENZ-51031-0050). Tiron (SC-253669), Trolox (SC-200810), buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) (SC-200824) were obtained from Santa-Cruz Biotechnology (CA, USA). Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) was purchased from Junsei Chemical (23150-0350) (Tokyo, Japan).

DSS (MW: 36–50 kDa) was purchased from MP Biomedical, LLC (Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France). Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) (30%) was purchased from Junsei Chemical Co. Ltd. CAT, Gpx, SOD, o-dianisidine, and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HTAB) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). FITC-dextran was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). MTBSTFA was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The standards of acetic, butyric, and propionic acids were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). acetic acid-d4 was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).

Graphite (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) and SWNTs (US Research Nanomaterials, Houston, TX, USA) were used as precursors for GONs and o-SWNTs, respectively. Sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄, Samchun Chemical, Seoul, Korea), nitric acid (HNO₃, Samchun Chemical, Seoul, Korea), and potassium permanganate (KMnO₄, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) were employed to oxidize the precursors. Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂, Junsei Chemical, Tokyo, Japan) was used to reduce excess potassium permanganate. Sulfuric acid was also used for acid resistance tests. Piperazine (PIP, Samchun Chemical, Seoul, Korea), trimesoyl chloride (TMC, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), and isoparaffin (ISOL-C, SK Chemical, Seoul, Korea) were used to fabricate a PA active layer of TFC membranes. In addition, a polysulfone (PSf) ultrafiltration membrane (MWCO 100,000, LG Chem., Seoul, Korea) was used as a support layer of the TFC membranes. Magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄, Samchun Chemical, Seoul, Korea) was employed to evaluate membrane performance.

The chemicals, gallic acid, tert-butylhydroperoxide (t-BHP), potassium chloride (KCl), 1,1,3,3-tetraethoxypropane (TEP), ferrous sulfate, 4-amino-3-hydrazino-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole (Purpald), myoglobin, 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), reduced glutathione (GSH), 5,5-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB), glutathione reductase (GSH-reductase), and β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-reduced form (β-NADPH) were all purchased from Sigma (MO, USA); and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) was obtained from Lancaster Co. (Lancashire, England). Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) was purchased from Junsei Chemical Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄), formic acid, acetonitrile, methanol, and n-butanol were purchased from J. T. Baker (Mexico City, Mexico), and 1 M Tris–HCl solution (pH 7.4) and 500 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) solution (pH 8.0) were purchased from Bioneer (Daejeon, Republic of Korea). Mayer's hematoxylin was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO).

Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) was obtained from Junsei (Tokyo, Japan). FK866 was purchased from Adipogen (Switzerland). The antibodies used in the present study were as follows—rabbit anti-p21 (Santa Cruz Biotech, Dallas, TX, USA), mouse monoclonal anti-p53 (Calbiochem, San Diego, CA, USA), mouse monoclonal anti-β-Actin (Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), mouse monoclonal anti-TRF1 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA), rabbit anti-phospho (Ser139)-histone H2AX (γH2AX) (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA), mouse monoclonal anti-NF-κB p65 (Santa Cruz Biotech, Dallas, TX, USA), horseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-rabbit, and anti-mouse IgG (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), Alexa Fluor^® 488-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG, and Alexa Fluor^® 594-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG (Invitrogen, Camarillo, CA, USA).