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K pneumoniae

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Klebsiella pneumoniae is a Gram-negative, non-motile, encapsulated, lactose-fermenting, and rod-shaped bacterium. It is a common inhabitant of the human gastrointestinal tract and can cause various opportunistic infections in immunocompromised individuals.

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E coli, by American Type Culture Collection (29 mentions) S aureus, by American Type Culture Collection (28 mentions) P aeruginosa, by American Type Culture Collection (27 mentions) E faecalis, by American Type Culture Collection (20 mentions) A baumannii, by American Type Culture Collection (13 mentions) S pneumoniae, by American Type Culture Collection (11 mentions) S pyogenes, by American Type Culture Collection (8 mentions) S epidermidis, by American Type Culture Collection (8 mentions) B subtilis, by American Type Culture Collection (7 mentions) E cloacae, by American Type Culture Collection (6 mentions) P mirabilis, by American Type Culture Collection (5 mentions) Bacillus subtilis, by American Type Culture Collection (4 mentions) B cereus, by American Type Culture Collection (4 mentions) E faecium, by American Type Culture Collection (4 mentions) S agalactiae, by American Type Culture Collection (4 mentions) C difficile, by American Type Culture Collection (3 mentions) E aerogenes, by American Type Culture Collection (3 mentions) Acinetobacter baumannii, by American Type Culture Collection (2 mentions) M abscessus, by American Type Culture Collection (2 mentions) Enterococcus faecalis, by American Type Culture Collection (2 mentions)

52 protocols using k pneumoniae

1

Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing Panel

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Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, E. coli ATCC 35218, E. coli −2841 (clinical), Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 700603, K. pneumoniae ATCC 700603, K. pneumoniae ATCC BAA-1705, K. pneumoniae ATCC BAA-1706, K. pneumoniae ATCC 13883, Proteus mirabilis −9545 (clinical), Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, S. aureus ATCC 29213, S. aureus ATCC 33592, S. aureus −6885 (clinical), Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212. Clinical isolates: E. coli 1A and S. aureus 9B. Curated by Western Australian Culture Collection, Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA. Source of clinical isolates, Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA.
Inglis T.J., Paton T.F., Kopczyk M.K., Mulroney K.T, & Carson C.F. (2019). Same-day antimicrobial susceptibility test using acoustic-enhanced flow cytometry visualized with supervised machine learning. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 69(5), 657-669.
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2

Bacterial Strain Characterization for Diagnostic Assay

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Reference bacterial strains as the source for developing the PAC were derived from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC): K. pneumoniae ATCC BAA-1706, S. aureus ATCC 25923, S. pneumoniae ATCC 49619, P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853, M. tuberculosis H37Rv, and H. influenzae ATCC 49247. Other standard reference strains used for the sensitivity and specificity evaluation in this study includes K. pneumoniae ATCC BAA-1705, S. aureus ATCC 33591, S. pneumoniae ATCC 51916, S. pneumoniae ATCC 700673, P. aeruginosa ATCC 9027, Mycobacterium bovis ATCC 35720, H. influenzae ATCC 49766, Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC 19606, Aeromonas hydrophila ATCC 7966T, Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Enterobacter aerogenesATCC 13048, Enterobacter cloacae ATCC 13047, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, E. coli O157 non-toxigenic NCTC 12900, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 7644, Neisseria meningitidis ATCC 13090, Neisseria gonorrhoeae ATCC 43069, Proteus mirabilis ATCC 29245, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228, Streptococcus viridians ATCC 36395, Streptococcus pyogenes ATCC 19615, Streptococcus mutans ATCC 35668, and Streptococcus sanguinis ATCC 10556. A total of 129 clinical isolates were acquired from the Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Malaysia.
Nik Zuraina N.M., Goni M.D., Amalina K.N., Hasan H., Mohamad S, & Suraiya S. (2021). Thermostable Heptaplex PCR Assay for the Detection of Six Respiratory Bacterial Pathogens. Diagnostics, 11(5), 753.
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3

Antibiotic Susceptibility Profiling

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Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined in duplicate by a standard double dilution method according to CSLI guidelines [52 ] using 96-well microtiter cell-culture plates, as previously described [49 (link)]. All reference strain bacteria, including S. aureus (ATCC 12600), E. faecium (ATCC 19434), E. faecalis (ATCC 51299), E. coli (ATCC 35218), K. pneumoniae (ATCC 49472), P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), and S. typhimurium (ATCC 14028), as well as S. aureus (ATCC BAA-2312) and antibiotic-resistant K. pneumoniae (ATCC BAA-2814), were obtained from the Microbiology Research Group at the Department of Life Sciences (DLS), Faculty of Science and Technology (FST), University of the West Indies. Control incubations were carried out in parallel with increasing concentrations of antibiotics (ampicillin for S. aureus, E. faecalis, and E. coli; vancomycin for S. aureus (ATCC BAA-2312); and ciprofloxacin for the sensitive K. pneumoniae strain, P. aeruginosa, and S. typhimurium), in order to monitor the validity and reproducibility of the assays. The published antibiotic sensitivity/resistance profiles for all bacterial strains were confirmed in the authors’ laboratory prior to setting up the MIC experiments.
Barran G., Kolodziejek J., Coquet L., Leprince J., Jouenne T., Nowotny N., Conlon J.M, & Mechkarska M. (2020). Peptidomic Analysis of Skin Secretions of the Caribbean Frogs Leptodactylus insularum and Leptodactylus nesiotus (Leptodactylidae) Identifies an Ocellatin with Broad Spectrum Antimicrobial Activity. Antibiotics, 9(10), 718.
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4

Bacterial Strains for Mastitis Research

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The following bacterial strains were used: S. aureus ATCC BAA976, lot 365–90-5, MediMark®Europe, S. aureus, field strain isolated from case of clinical mastitis, S. aureus Cowan strain, Staphylococcus epidermidis, field strain isolated from a case of clinical mastitis, Streptococcus pyogenes ATCC 19615, MediMark®Europe, France, Streptococcus uberis, field strain isolated from a case of clinical mastitis, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, field strain isolated from a case of clinical mastitis, E. coli ATCC 8739 MediMark®Europe, France, E. coli, field strain isolated from a clinical case of mastitis, K. pneumoniae ATCC 700603, K. pneumoniae, field strain isolated from a case of clinical mastitis, C. albicans ATCC 14053, and C. albicans, field strain isolated from a case of clinical mastitis.
Corona-Gómez L., Hernández-Andrade L., Mendoza-Elvira S., Suazo F.M., Ricardo-González D.I, & Quintanar-Guerrero D. (2022). In vitro antimicrobial effect of essential tea tree oil(Melaleuca alternifolia), thymol, and carvacrol on microorganisms isolated from cases of bovine clinical mastitis. International Journal of Veterinary Science and Medicine, 10(1), 72-79.
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5

Preparing ESKAPE Bacterial Strains

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Clinical isolates of ESKAPE bacterial strains were purchased from ATCC (Manassas, VA): E. faecium ATCC® 51559™, S. aureus ATCC® 25923™, K. pneumoniae ATCC® 700603, A. baumannii ATCC® 49466™, P. aeruginosa ATCC® 15692™, and E. aerogenes ATCC® 49469™. All bacterial strains were cultured and maintained as instructed by ATCC®. Optimal culture media used are tryptic soy broth (TSB) for S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, E. aerogenes, A. baumannii, brain heart infusion (BHI) medium for E. faecium and nutrient broth for K. pneumoniae. Preparation of bacterial inoculum was performed as described previously [21 ]. Briefly, bacteria were cultured in their defined optimal culture medium at 37 °C with shaking until optical density reached 0.2 to 0.6 at 600 nm (OD600). The number of colony forming units (CFUs) for each strain was estimated based on an OD600 = 1.0, which corresponds to 109 CFU/mL. To prepare the inoculum for antibacterial assays, the bacterial stocks were serially diluted with culture medium or pAF to approximately 1 × 103 CFU/mL of bacteria. For each experiment, the actual CFU of each inoculum was determined by preparing serial dilutions and then plating onto TSB agar plates (BD, Franklin Lakes, NJ).
Mao Y., Pierce J., Singh-Varma A., Boyer M., Kohn J, & Reems J.A. (2019). Processed human amniotic fluid retains its antibacterial activity. Journal of Translational Medicine, 17, 68.
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6

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Protocol

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The following bacterial strains were used in this study: M. tuberculosis H37Rv, M. abscessus (ATCC 19977), A. baumannii (strain 6M-1b, Clinical Microbiology, Johns Hopkins University), K. pneumoniae (ATCC 35657), E. cloacae (ATCC 13047), P. aeruginosa (PA14), E. faecalis (ATCC 19433) and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (ATCC 29213). M. tuberculosis and M. abscessus were grown and assessed as previously described 7 (link). Cation-adjusted Mueller-Hinton broth was used to grow A. baumannii, K. pneumoniae, E. cloacae, P. aeruginosa, E. faecalis and S. aureus at 35 °C according to Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute guidelines 35 . Rifampin, isoniazid and all β-lactams except evolved carbapenems were obtained from commercial vendors. Compounds were 95%–99% pure when random samples were analyzed using LC-MS.
Kumar P., Kaushik A., Lloyd E.P., Li S.G., Mattoo R., Ammerman N.C., Bell D.T., Perryman A.L., Zandi T.A., Ekins S., Ginell S.L., Townsend C.A., Freundlich J.S, & Lamichhane G. (2016). Non-classical transpeptidases yield insight into new antibacterials. Nature chemical biology, 13(1), 54-61.
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7

Antibacterial Evaluation of Plant Extracts

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Reference strains originated from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA), and the strain isolated from food originated from the Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Food Evaluation (SGGW, Poland). The study of aqueous extract (A) and ethanolic extract (E) used 5 strains of Gram-positive bacteria (B. cereus ATCC 11778, E. faecalis ATCC 29212, S. aureus ATCC 25923, S. epidermidis ATCC 12228, L. innocua SGGW) and 5 strains of Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli ATCC 25922, K. pneumoniae ATCC13883, P. mirabilis ATCC 35659, P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 S. Enteritidis ATCC 13076). The study of other extracts (E1, S, P) used only 1 strain of Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus ATCC 25932) and 1 strain of Gram-negative bacteria (S. Enteritidis ATCC 13076). The bacterial strains were cultured on Mueller-Hinton Agar (BTL, Poland) and incubated at 37 °C for 24 h. The bacterial inocula were prepared in sterile 0.85% NaCl (w/v) solution to reach a population of approximately 108CFU × mL−1.
Cendrowski A., Kraśniewska K., Przybył J.L., Zielińska A, & Kalisz S. (2020). Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activity of Extracts from Rose Fruits (Rosa rugosa). Molecules, 25(6), 1365.
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8

Antimicrobial Screening of Natural Extracts

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Antimicrobial screening of fractions obtained at each isolation step was performed by broth dilution protocol based on the NCCLS (National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards) procedures for antimicrobial vulnerability testing, 14th informational Suppl, NCCLS; M100-S14: 2002, Wayne, PA (Wayne 2002 ). The antimicrobial activity isolates were checked against 7 bacterial, and 4 fungal strains. Bacterial strains selected for bioactivity testing were S. aureus (ATCC 43300), E. faecalis (ATCC 51299), B. subtilis (ATCC 6633), E. coli (ATCC 25922), P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), K. pneumoniae (ATCC 13883), A. baumannii (ATCC 19606) while selected strains from kingdom fungi were C. albicans (ATCC 10231), C. neoformans (ATCC 66031), F. solani (ATCC 0300) and A. niger (ATCC 0198).
Afsar T., Razak S., Almajwal A., Shabbir M., Khan K., Trembley J, & Alruwaili N.W. (2022). Bioassay-guided isolation and characterization of lead antimicrobial compounds from Acacia hydaspica plant extract. AMB Express, 12, 156.
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9

Microbial Isolates from Ethiopian Health Institute

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Six bacteria including E. coli (ATCC 25922), P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), S. aureus (ATCC, 25923), S. epidermidis (ATCC 12228), Streptococcus agalactiae (ATCC 12386), and K. pneumoniae (ATCC 700603) were obtained from the Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute particularly from the microbiology laboratory of Traditional and Modern Medicine Drug Research Directorate (TMMRD).
Dagne A., Degu S., Abebe A, & Bisrat D. (2023). Antibacterial Activity of a Phenylpropanoid from the Root Extract of Carduus leptacanthus Fresen. Journal of Tropical Medicine, 2023, 4983608.
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10

In vitro Antibacterial Screening of Plant Materials

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To explore the in vitro antibacterial activity of all the collected plant materials, gram-negative bacteria; E. coli (ATCC 14948), K. pneumoniae (ATCC 4352), and gram-positive bacteria; S. epidermidis (ATCC 12228), S. aureus (ATCC 9144) were obtained from Medicross Laboratory, Butwal, Nepal.
Bagale R., Acharya S., Gupta A., Chaudhary P., Chaudhary G.P, & Pandey J. (2022). Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Prinsepia utilis Royle Leaf and Seed Extracts. Journal of Tropical Medicine, 2022, 3898939.
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