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7 protocols using sulfuric acid

1

Khat Waste Extraction and Characterization

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Khat waste was collected from Obsa Special Khat Shop, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and cut into small pieces. Formic acid (98%) (Central Drug House (P) Ltd. New Delhi, India), acetone and sodium hydroxide 97% (HiMedia, Mumbai, India), acetic acid 99.8% (Riedel-de Haën), sulfuric acid 97% (BDH, England), copper sulfate pentahydrate 98.5%, n-hexane 99% and zinc chloride (LOBA CHEMIE-Laboratory, India), toluene (Fisher Scientific, UK), potassium iodide (Reagent chemical services Ltd Runcorn, Cheshire), ammonium oxalate 99.5% (UNI-Chem, Chemical Reagents), iodine 99%, methanol 99.9%, and ammonia solution 28% (CARLO ERBA reagents, France), ethanol absolute (Fisher Scientific, UK), hydrogen peroxide 50% (Awash Melkasa, Ethiopia), diclofenac sodium (Healthcare Limited PLC, India), triethanolamine (Fischer Chem Alert Guide, USA), potassium dihydrogen phosphate (Sörensen, Leuren, Denmark), disodium hydrogen phosphate (Fizmerk chemicals, India), sodium chloride (Oxford Laboratory, Mumbai, India), sodium carboxymethylcellulose (FMC Corporation, USA), and propylene glycol (Research-lab fine Chem. Industries, India) were used as received.
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2

Phytochemical Extraction and Characterization

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Chemicals and materials used in this study were of analytical grade namely; 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (Sigma Aldrich, Germany, D9132), Gallic acid (Sigma Aldrich, Germany, G7384), Quercetin (Sigma Aldrich, Germany), Folin Ciocalteau phenol reagent (Sigma Aldrich, Germany, F9252), Aluminum chloride (BDH, England,101084), potassium acetate (Sigma Aldrich, Germany, 791733-500G), sulfuric acid (38308-1EA), Ethanol (BDH, England, BDH1156-4LP), phenolphthalein (Sigma Aldrich, 74760-100ML), sodium hydroxide (Sigma Aldrich, 38227 1EA), hexane (Sigma Aldrich, Germany, C100307-2.5L) Boric acid (Sigma Aldrich, Germany,38750-1EA), Hydrochloric (Sigma Aldrich, Germany, 382801EA), Whatman No.1 filter paper (28413923) supplied by Finlab Nigeria Limited and Equilab Business solution Limited Nigeria.
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3

Preparation of Phosphate Buffers and Chemical Reagents

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Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), copper sulfate (CuSO4.5H2O), potassium sulfate (K2SO4), hydrochloric acid (HCl), pepsin, petroleum ether, and ethanol were from BDH and used without further purification. Phosphate buffers (pH 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14) were prepared by mixing proper amount of 0.1 M disodium hydrogen phosphate and 0.1 M Sodium hydroxide.
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4

Aflatoxin Standards Characterization

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Aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2 standards (crystalline powder) were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis–MO, USA). Pre–coated TLC plates of silica gel 60 (layer thickness 0.25 mm, 20 x 20 cm) on glass or aluminum, without fluorescent indicator were purchased from E. Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Analytical grade acetone, acetonitrile, benzene, chloroform, cupric carbonate, ferric chloride, potassium chloride, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, sodium sulfate, sulfuric acid, xylene and other solvents procured from BDH (Poole, England).
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5

Chemical Procurement and Preparation

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Unless stated otherwise, chemicals were obtained from Sigma Aldrich or Merck. Solvents and fermentation media components were purchased from Carl Roth. For electrochemical experiments, disodium citrate and sulfuric acid were purchased from BDH (Poole, GB) and sodium hydroxide from Labassco (Stockholm, SE). All chemicals were of analytical grade or the highest grade of purity available. Aqueous solutions were prepared with deionized water (>18 MΩ cm).
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6

Phytochemical and Antioxidant Evaluation

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Methanol was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany). Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), quercetin, sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ), and ascorbic acid were procured from BDH (London, England). Folin-Ciocalteu phenol reagent (FCPR) was obtained from Lobal Chemie (Mumbai, India). Sodium nitrite (NaNO 2 ) and gallic acid were procured from Qualikems (India). Sodium carbonate (Na 2 CO 3 ), aluminum chloride (AlCl 3 .6H 2 O), sodium phosphate (NaH 2 PO 4 ), and ammonium molybdate were purchased from JHD (Guangdong, China). Potassium ferricyanide (K 3 Fe(CN) 6 ), ferric chloride (FeCl 3 ), and trichloroacetic acid (TCA) were purchased from Lobal Chemie (Mumbai, India). The distilled water used was obtained from the National Center for Energy Research and Development, University of Nigeria, Nsukka.
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7

Preparation of Standard Metal Solutions

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Standard solutions for different metals were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Bishop Meadow Road Loughborough, UK), and working standard solutions were prepared by simple dilution with distilled water. Sulfuric acid, perchloric acid and nitric acid were all of Analytical grade (BDH, England). All glassware's were of borosilicate and purchased from British Glass (Churchhill way, Sheffield, UK).
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