3 4 dicaffeoylquinic

The following solvents were used in the present study: 99.9% acetonitrile, 99.9% methanol, obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany) and 99.8% trifluoroacetic acid supplied from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). The water was purified using a Millipore Milli-Q apparatus. Analytical and HPLC grade substances: potassium persulphate, 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), caffeic, neochlorogenic, chlorogenic, 4-caffeoylquinic, 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic, 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic, and 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acids, rutin, quercitrin, quercetin, isoquercitrin, luteolin-7-glucoside, luteolin-7-rutinoside, luteolin-3,7-diglucoside, apigenin-7-glucoside, and santin were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich; luteolin from Roth GmbH (Karlsruhe, Germany); trolox and apigenin from Fluka Chemika (Buchs, Switzerland).

Phenolic acids standards (quinic, shikimic, gallic, ellagic, protocatechuic, chlorogenic, vanillic, caffeic, syringic, coumaric, ferulic, benzoic, trans-cinnamic, 3,4-di-caffeoylquinic, and rosmarinic), flavonoids standards (catechin, epi-catechin, procyanidin B1, quercetin 3-O-ß-glucuronide, quercetin 3-O-glucoside, kaempferol 3-O-glucoside, and taxifolin), and 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzaldehyde, were obtained from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). All reagents used for standard preparation were methanol LC-MS grade. Also, fluoresceine, 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), 2,2′-azobis (2-amidinopropano) dihydrochloride (AAPH), 2,4,6-tris(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine (TPTZ), ammonium persulfate, 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), clorgiline, tranylcypromine, and MAO-A enzyme were acquired from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).