All electrochemical measurements in this work were performed with a PalmSens4 potentiostat/galvanostat under laboratory conditions (23 ± 2 °C), supplied by PalmSens (Houten, The Netherlands). The PalmSens4 was controlled using PSTrace 5.8 software.
Palmsens4 potentiostat galvanostat
Manufactured by PalmSens
The PalmSens4 is a potentiostat/galvanostat designed for electrochemical analysis. It can precisely control the potential or current applied to an electrochemical cell and measure the resulting current or potential, respectively. The device is intended for use in a variety of laboratory applications requiring electrochemical measurement capabilities.
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6 protocols using palmsens4 potentiostat galvanostat
1
Electrochemical Measurements with PalmSens4
2
Electrochemical Characterization of SPEs
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Voltammetric experiments were carried out in a 10 mL glass electrochemical cell using a portable PalmSens4 potentiostat/galvanostat (PalmSens BV, Houten, The Netherlands) in combination with a cable connector for SPEs (DRP-CAC 71606, Metrohm DropSens, Asturias, Spain). The instrument was controlled with the PSTrace 5.8 software (PalmSens BV). All measurements were performed at laboratory temperature (22–23 °C).
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements have been performed using Autolab PGSTAT204 potentiostat/galvanostat (Metrohm Autolab, Utrecht, The Netherlands). Measurements were performed in a frequency range from 100 kHz to 20 mHz with 8 points per decade and a 10 mV (peak-to-peak) amplitude of the excitation signal. EIS measurements were performed in a solution containing 10 mM K3[Fe(CN)6] (99.9%, Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) and 0.1 M KCl (p.a., Carlo Erba Reagents, Milan, Italy).
Commercial SPEs type DRP-C110 were purchased from Metrohm DropSens. These electrodes have a single circular carbon working electrode (4 mm in diameter), a carbon counter electrode, and a silver quasi-reference electrode and are suitable for use in a solution.
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements have been performed using Autolab PGSTAT204 potentiostat/galvanostat (Metrohm Autolab, Utrecht, The Netherlands). Measurements were performed in a frequency range from 100 kHz to 20 mHz with 8 points per decade and a 10 mV (peak-to-peak) amplitude of the excitation signal. EIS measurements were performed in a solution containing 10 mM K3[Fe(CN)6] (99.9%, Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) and 0.1 M KCl (p.a., Carlo Erba Reagents, Milan, Italy).
Commercial SPEs type DRP-C110 were purchased from Metrohm DropSens. These electrodes have a single circular carbon working electrode (4 mm in diameter), a carbon counter electrode, and a silver quasi-reference electrode and are suitable for use in a solution.
3
Electrochemical Analysis of Sodium Polyacrylate
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The measurements were
conducted immediately after drop-casting 20 μL of sodium polyacrylate
onto a screen-printed electrode (DRP-110, Metrohm DropSens, designed
for working with microvolumes), which consists of a carbon working
electrode (d = 4 mm), a carbon counter electrode,
and a silver quasi-reference electrode (Figure 1 ). Cyclic voltammetric and square-wave voltammetric
measurements in the gas phase were carried out using a portable PalmSens4
potentiostat/galvanostat (PalmSens BV) in combination with a cable
connector for screen-printed electrodes (DRP-CAC 71606, Metrohm DropSens)
and the PSTrace 5.7 software (PalmSens BV). All measurements were
performed at room temperature (22–23 °C) in a model atmosphere
above the corresponding analyte solutions and in the presence of atmospheric
gases. The electrode topography was recorded with the Ametek Zygo
ZeGage Pro HR 3D optical profiler system.
conducted immediately after drop-casting 20 μL of sodium polyacrylate
onto a screen-printed electrode (DRP-110, Metrohm DropSens, designed
for working with microvolumes), which consists of a carbon working
electrode (d = 4 mm), a carbon counter electrode,
and a silver quasi-reference electrode (
measurements in the gas phase were carried out using a portable PalmSens4
potentiostat/galvanostat (PalmSens BV) in combination with a cable
connector for screen-printed electrodes (DRP-CAC 71606, Metrohm DropSens)
and the PSTrace 5.7 software (PalmSens BV). All measurements were
performed at room temperature (22–23 °C) in a model atmosphere
above the corresponding analyte solutions and in the presence of atmospheric
gases. The electrode topography was recorded with the Ametek Zygo
ZeGage Pro HR 3D optical profiler system.
4
Electrochemical Characterization of ITO Electrodes
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All the electrochemical measurements unless stated otherwise were performed with a PalmSens 4 potentiostat/ galvanostat, with an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) module, which was controlled with PSTrace software (version 5.8.1704). The three electrode electrochemical cell consisted of a platinum wire counter electrode, Ag/AgCl (3 M KCl) reference electrode, and ITO working electrodes.
The performance of the fabricated electrodes were first studied using the cyclic voltammetry (CV) technique with 1,1′-ferrocenedimethanol (FcDM) as the redox probe in 0.1 M potassium nitrate. Parameters for CV were as follows: scan rate 0.01 V s -1 , step potential 0.005 V. The electrodes were cleaned first with ethanol and then with water, and dried before the measurements.
The performance of the fabricated electrodes were first studied using the cyclic voltammetry (CV) technique with 1,1′-ferrocenedimethanol (FcDM) as the redox probe in 0.1 M potassium nitrate. Parameters for CV were as follows: scan rate 0.01 V s -1 , step potential 0.005 V. The electrodes were cleaned first with ethanol and then with water, and dried before the measurements.
5
Electrochemical Measurements using PalmSens4
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All electrochemical measurements in this study were performed using a PalmSens4 potentiostat/galvanostat (PalmSens, Houten, the Netherlands) under laboratory conditions (23 ± 2 °C). The PalmSens4 was controlled using PSTrace 5.8 software.
SPCEs, model AC1.W4.R2, were supplied by BVT Technologies (Brno, Czech Republic) and used as a three-electrode electrochemical system. These SPCE sensors have a WE and CE made of carbon (the diameter of the WE was 1 mm), while the RE was made of Ag that was electrolytically oxidized to AgCl (by the supplier). All potentials (E) in this study are reported against this Ag/AgCl RE.
SPCEs, model AC1.W4.R2, were supplied by BVT Technologies (Brno, Czech Republic) and used as a three-electrode electrochemical system. These SPCE sensors have a WE and CE made of carbon (the diameter of the WE was 1 mm), while the RE was made of Ag that was electrolytically oxidized to AgCl (by the supplier). All potentials (E) in this study are reported against this Ag/AgCl RE.
6
Electrochemical Behavior of AZB-CF3
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A three-electrode setup with a PalmSens 4 potentiostat/galvanostat (PalmSens, Houten, the Netherlands) and PSTrace 5.9 software was used to investigate the electrochemical behavior of AZB-CF3. The three-electrode setup included a Pt-disk working electrode (3 mm diameter), an Ag/Ag+ non-aqueous reference electrode (0.01 M AgNO3), and a Pt plate counter electrode. Under an argon-saturated atmosphere, the measurements were carried out by dissolving the compound in dichloromethane with 0.1 M tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate (TBAPF6) as a supporting electrolyte.
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