Stata se for windows version 15

To describe the sample, we calculated summary statistics that are expressed as means, standard deviations (SD), median and 25th–75th percentiles or percentages, as appropriate. A Shapiro–Wilk test was used to test the normality of the data. We used Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables and Student’s t-test or the Mann–Whitney test, as appropriate, for the quantitative ones. Odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated to evaluate the associations between epilepsy and RASD/CASD. Statistical analysis was conducted using STATA/SE for Windows, version 15 (StataCorp, College Station, TX, USA). A p-value <0.05 was considered significant.

Quantitative variables were summarized by medians and interquartile ranges (IQRs), qualitative variables were summarized through percentages. The comparison across the three growth groups was performed using the non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis test, while to compare characteristics in different disease groups the Mann Whitney test was carried out. Associations between categorical variables were analyzed with the Chi-squared test or the Fisher’s exact test or the Fisher–Freeman–Halton’s exact test, as appropriate. The software used for the analysis was STATA/SE® for Windows, version 15 (StataCorp, College Station, TX, USA). Two-tailed p values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Continuous variables were expressed as medians and interquartile ranges (IQRs) and compared across the three growth groups using the non-parametric Kruskall-Wallis test followed by post hoc non-parametric sign tests with the Bonferroni’s correction. Categorical variables were analyzed with the chi-squared test or the Fisher’s exact test, as appropriate. Associations between changes in height z-scores at 12 months and other continuous variables were tested with the Spearman’s correlation coefficient (ρ). All calculations were performed with STATA/SE® for Windows, version 15 (StataCorp, College Station, TX, USA). Two-tailed p values <0.05 were considered statistically significant.