Ml385

Ellagic acid was purchased from Acros Organics (Belgium, WI, USA), with a purity of 97%. Diquat (average molecular weight: 344.05) was derived from Shanghai Fusheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). ML385 was derived from Glpbio (Montclair, CA, USA).

Dichloroacetic acid (347795), 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazole chloride (TTC), and ML385 (GC19254) originated from GLPBIO (Montclair, California, the United States of America). Gibco (Grand Island, NY) provided fetal bovine serum (FBS) and trypsin.

The high-fat diet (HFD) consists of 15% lard (w/w) and 15% sucrose (w/w), 70% basic diet which was obtained from Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences (Hangzhou, China). The ingredients of the high-fat diet and standard chow diet are shown in Supplementary Table S1. The 4-ME was obtained from Chengdu Biopurify Phytochemicals Ltd. (Chengdu, China) with a purity of 99.95% in Supplementary Figure S2. Insulin and leptin Elisa kits were provided by Shanghai Hengyuan Biological Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China); ML385 was purchased from Glpbio (Montclair, NJ, USA); metformin (purity more than 98%) and fatty free-bovine serum albumin (BSA) were obtained from Sangon Biotech (Shanghai, China). The following items were purchased from the cited commercial sources: CD36, CPT-1A, FASN, PPAR-α, PPAR-γ, TGF-β, Tubulin, and Lamin B antibodies (Proteintech, Chicago, IL, USA); HIF1α antibody (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA); SREBP-1c antibody (Novus Biologicals, Littleton, CO, USA); Nrf2 antibody (Affinity Biologicals, Shanghai, China).