Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

UV–vis absorption spectra were performed on U-2900 UV–vis absorption spectrophotometer (Hitachi, Japan) and UV-2700 UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-DRS) (Shimadzu, Japan). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images was collected by a JEM-2100 transmission electronic microscope (Hitachi, Japan). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were carried out on a XPS spectrometer (K-Alpha, Thermo, USA). FTIR spectrum were conducted on a Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (Perkin Elmer, USA). The zeta potential of materials were analyzed using a Zetasizer Nano-ZS90 dynamic light-scattering (DLS) analyzer (Malvern, UK).

The polydispersity index (PDI) and zeta potential of MOF@GSK-J1 and HA@MOF@GSK-J1 NPs were determined using a Zetasizer Nano ZS90 instrument (Malvern Instruments, Malvern, United Kingdom) at 25°C. The morphologies of MOF@GSK-J1 and HA@MOF@GSK-J1 NPs were imaged via transmission electron microscopy (TEM, Talos F200C, FEI, United States) with an acceleration voltage of 200 kV. The phase and crystal structures of MOF and MOF@HA NPs without GSK-J1 were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns using a Rigaku X-ray diffractometer with Cu-Kα radiation (Rigaku, Japan). The FTIR spectra were recorded by Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (Perkin Elmer, United States).

A total of 65 patients, 19 women and 46 men, with a history of brushite stone formation were enrolled in this study. Patients were referred to the University Stone Center of the Department of Urology at the University Hospital Bonn for inpatient metabolic evaluation under controlled, standardized conditions. Patients with a documented calculus from a recent stone event that contained any amount of brushite at stone analysis were considered for the study. Urinary stone composition was analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA, USA). The exclusion criterion was primary hyperparathyroidism, which is considered a possible cause of hypercalciuria and calcium phosphate stone formation [12 (link),13 ]. For four weeks before and during the study, patients discontinued dietary supplements and medications that could affect acid–base status or calcium, oxalate, phosphate, and purine metabolism, such as alkali citrate, sodium bicarbonate, L-methionine, thiazides, or allopurinol. Patients did not receive any dietary recommendations and were asked to maintain their habitual dietary patterns before participating in the study. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Medical Faculty of the University of Bonn (430/19). Written informed consent was obtained from each patient.

Dense BGN and MBGN were placed in multiple channel pelleting molds, and 5 MPa pressure was applied for 60 seconds to produce 12 tablets of 10 mm diameter and 1 mm thickness. The mineralization experiment proceeded in compliance with the International standards (ISO/FDIS 23317). Stimulated body fluid 5X (SBF) (Biosesang, Seongnam, Korea) was prepared, and the SBF volume was calculated using the following formula:
${\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{s}}={\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{a}}/10$
where V_s is the volume of SBF solution (mL), and S_a is the surface of tablets (mm²).
After placing 19 mL SBF in the tube, tablets were inserted and stored at 36.5°C for 1, 3, 7, 14, and 42 days. Each tablet was then removed from the SBF solution, washed once with ethanol and twice with pure water to stop the mineralization process, and dried in an oven at 60°C. The mineral composition and crystal structure of the hydroxyapatite formed on the surface of the tablets were analyzed with XRD (Rigaku, The woodland, TX, USA) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (PerkinElmer Inc., Waltham, MA, USA). Hydroxyapatite formed on the surface of the tablets was observed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). ICP-OES (Optima 8300, Perkin Elmer, Waltham, MA, USA) was performed on the SBF solution used to soak the tablets to analyze the dissolved ions.

Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) (Perkin Elmer; Boston, MA, USA) equipment was used to obtain absorption spectra within the range of 380 to 4000 cm⁻¹ wavelengths at room temperature. Samples were placed in intimate contact with the diamond crystal by applying a loading pressure. Four scans with an average of 4 cm⁻¹ resolution were represented in each sample. Automatic signals were collected in 3620 scans with a resolution of 1 cm⁻¹. The spectrum of an empty cell was used as a background. Results were analyzed with Spectrum^TM 10 software (Perkin Elmer, Boston, MA, USA).

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to characterize the morphology of samples under 100 kV accelerating voltage, which was equipped with an Oxford INCA Energy TEM 200 EDX system (JEM-2100, JEOL, Tokyo, Japan). Dynamic light scattering (DLS) was used to investigate particle size distribution (Zetasizer ZS, Malvern Panalytical, Malvern, UK). The chemical composition of PDS and Ag@PDS was investigated by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (Perkin-Elmer, Waltham, MA, USA). The X-ray diffraction (XRD) of Ag@PDS was measured by Rigaku D/Max 2550 (Rigaku, Tokyo, Japan), and the 2θ scanning was set in the range of 5°–90° (Cu Kα, λ = 1.5418Å). Germination patterns of the L. multiflorum roots were observed by microscopic photos (Zeiss Lumar V12 stereoscope, Carl Zeiss AG, Jena, Thuringia, Germany). After digestion with 5% HNO₃ for at least 24 h, the silver concentration of Ag@PDS was measured by an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Perkin-Elmer, Waltham, MA, USA).