The solutions obtained by UAE, ME and MAE were filtered through Whatman nº 1 paper, centrifuged (Sigma 3-30KS, Sigma, Osterode am Harz, Germany) at 8000 rpm for 10 min and the ethanol was eliminated in the rotary evaporator (Buchi Rotavapor, R-200) at 35 °C. The residue was frozen at −80 °C for subsequent lyophilization (Telstar, model Cryodos-80, Barcelona, Spain). The final extracts were stored at 4 °C and protected from light until analysis. The percent yield of chayote leaf extract was assessed by dividing the weight of the lyophilized extract with the sample weight and multiplying by 100.
Sigma 3 30 ks
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in Germany
The Sigma 3-30 KS is a laboratory centrifuge designed for general-purpose applications. It features a maximum speed of 30,000 rpm and a maximum rotor capacity of 3 liters. The centrifuge is intended for a wide range of sample separation and preparation tasks in research and clinical settings.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Model uv 1601 pc, by Shimadzu (5 mentions)
Uv 1601 pc, by Shimadzu (3 mentions)
Cryodos 80, by Telstar (2 mentions)
Enspire multimode plate reader, by PerkinElmer (2 mentions)
Complete edta free, by Boehringer Ingelheim (2 mentions)
Dc protein assay, by Bio-Rad (2 mentions)
Whatman n 1 paper, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Uv1650 spectrophotometer, by Shimadzu (2 mentions)
Bovine serum albumin standard, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Enspire multimode plate reader, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Whatman, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Rotavapor r 200, by Büchi (1 mentions)
Bradford reagent, by Bio-Rad (1 mentions)
Fd 81, by Eyela (1 mentions)
Centrisart 1 tube, by Sartorius (1 mentions)
Cary 60 uv vis spectrophotometer, by Agilent Technologies (1 mentions)
Uv 1650, by Shimadzu (1 mentions)
Optima l 80 xp, by Beckman Coulter (1 mentions)
Cary 60 uv visible spectrophotometer, by Agilent Technologies (1 mentions)
Vivaspin 6 concentrator, by Sartorius (1 mentions)
34 protocols using sigma 3 30 ks
1
Chayote Leaf Extract Preparation
2
Protein Extraction from Ussing Chamber Samples
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Samples for protein extraction were taken out of the Ussing chamber and directly placed into liquid nitrogen. These samples were homogenized in a Tris-buffer containing in mmol·L -1: Tris (10), NaCl (150), Triton X-100 (0.5), SDS (0.1), and enzymatic protease inhibitors (Complete, Boehringer, Mannheim, Germany). After homogenization, samples were centrifuged for 1 min at 13,000 rpm (Eppendorf centrifuge 5418, Eppendorf AG, Hamburg, Germany). The supernatant was then cooled on ice for 30 min and retrieved after a second centrifugation step for 15 min at 15,000 g at 4 °C (sigma 3-30ks, Sigma-Aldrich, Munich, Germany).
Protein quantification of PP tissues was carried out by using Bradford reagent (Bio-Rad Laboratories GmbH, Munich, Germany) as instructed in the leaflet provided, and the EnSpire Multimode Plate Reader (Perkin Elmer, Waltham, MA, USA) was used for detection.
Protein quantification of PP tissues was carried out by using Bradford reagent (Bio-Rad Laboratories GmbH, Munich, Germany) as instructed in the leaflet provided, and the EnSpire Multimode Plate Reader (Perkin Elmer, Waltham, MA, USA) was used for detection.
3
Characterization of EPL-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers
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The entrapment efficiency ( EE% w/w) of EPL in the prepared EPL-loaded NLCs was determined indirectly by measuring the concentration of free drug in the aqueous phase of the NLCs dispersion. A definite volume (1 mL) of the prepared NLCs dispersion was centrifuged using cooling centrifuge (Sigma 3-30 KS, Sigma Laborzentrifugen GmbH, Osterode am Harz, Germany) at 22,000 rpm for 1 h at 4 °C. The supernatant was separated and properly diluted with ethanol, then the un-entrapped drug concentration was estimated spectrophotometrically at λmax 241 nm. The EE% was calculated using the following equation:
where Winitial is the initial drug amount used in the preparation, and Wfree is the un-entrapped drug amount.
where Winitial is the initial drug amount used in the preparation, and Wfree is the un-entrapped drug amount.
4
Efficient Quantification of Terpene-Loaded Vesicles
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The direct technique was conducted for the estimation of the EE%, DL% of ZT in the terpesomal dispersions [29 (link)]. Briefly, terpesomal dispersions (1 mL) were ultra-centrifuged, at 22,000 rpm (Sigma 3–30 KS, Sigma Laborzentrifugen GmbH, Germany) for 1 h at 4 °C. The residues, composed of the ZT-loaded terpesomes, were lysed and solubilized by sonication with ethanol (Crest ultrasonics corp., Trenton, USA). The entrapped ZT concentrations were assessed spectrophotometrically after appropriate dilution with ethanol (Shimadzu, model UV-1601 PC, Kyoto, Japan) at λmax 285.6 nm [7 (link)]. In a parallel line, drug-free terpesomes were used as controls [22 (link)].
ZT EE% was calculated as follows;
ZT DL% was calculated as follows;
ZT EE% was calculated as follows;
ZT DL% was calculated as follows;
5
Protein Extraction and Quantification Protocol
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Subsequent to the Ussing chamber experiments, tissue samples were frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80°C. For protein extraction, the specimens were homogenized in RIPA buffer containing 25 μM HEPES pH 7.6, 25 μM NaF, 2 μM EDTA, 1% SDS (10%), H2O, and enzymatic protease inhibitors (Complete EDTA-free, Boehringer, Mannheim, Germany). The samples were then centrifuged for 1 min at 16,000 × g, and the supernatant was left for 30 min on ice for further lysis. A second centrifugation step for 15 min at 15,000 × g at 4°C (sigma 3–30 ks, Sigma-Aldrich, Munich, Germany) was carried out, and the supernatant was transferred into Eppendorf tubes. The Bio-Rad DC Protein Assay (Bio-Rad Laboratories GmbH, Munich, Germany) was used to quantify the proteins, which were detected by an EnSpire Multimode Plate Reader (Perkin Elmer, Waltham, MA, United States).
6
Subcritical Water Extraction of Corn Stover
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SWE was conducted on CSs according to Pinto et al. [7 (link)]. The extraction was performed at 220 °C and 40 bar for 30 min, using a 400 mL Parr Reactor (Series 4560 high-pressure mini-reactors, Parr Instrument Company, Moline, IL, USA) attached to a Parr Reactor Controller (Series 4848, Parr Instrument Company, Moline, IL, USA). Briefly, powdered CSs (10 g) were mixed with deionized water (100 mL). A four-blade impeller at 200 RPM promoted the continuous agitation of the sample during extraction. Afterwards, the extract was filtered through Whatman n° 1 paper, centrifuged at 8000 rpm for 5 min (Sigma 3-30KS, Sigma, Osterode am Harz, Germany), and lyophilized (Telstar, model Cryodos-80, Barcelona, Spain). The final extract was stored at 4 °C until further analyses were performed. The extraction yield was 7.87 ± 0.37% (w/w) as previously reported by Pinto et al. [7 (link)].
7
Quantifying Encapsulation Efficiency of DCN Nanovesicles
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EE% of DCN was estimated indirectly by measuring the amount of free (unentrapped) DCN in dispersion media (Abdelbary & AbouGhaly, 2015 (link)). The free DCN was separated from the prepared nanovesicles by centrifugation of 1 mL of the vesicular suspension at 25,000 rpm for 1 h at 4 °C using a cooling centrifuge (Sigma 3-30 KS, Sigma Laborzentrifugen GmbH, Osterode am Harz, Germany). The resultant supernatant was separated, properly diluted, and analyzed for free DCN concentration spectrophotometrically (Shimadzu, model UV-1601 PC, Shimadzu Corp., Kyoto, Japan) by measuring the ultraviolet (UV) absorbance at λmax 258 nm. Each result was the mean of three determinations ± SD. Drug EE% was determined according to the following equation:
8
Determination of Entrapment Efficiency
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The vesicular dispersion of the prepared formulae was centrifuged at 20,000 rpm for 1 hour at 4°C using a cooling centrifuge (Sigma 3-30 KS; Sigma Laborzentrifugen GmbH, Osterode am Harz, Germany). Then, the sediment was lysed using methanol and analyzed at λmax 257 nm13 using a UV–Vis spectrophotometer (Shimadzu UV1650 Spectrophotometer; Shimadzu Corp., Kyoto, Japan). EE% was determined by using the following equation:17 (link)
where ED is the entrapped drug concentration and TD is the total drug concentration. All measurements were performed in triplicate.
where ED is the entrapped drug concentration and TD is the total drug concentration. All measurements were performed in triplicate.
9
Stealth Lipomers by Nanoprecipitation
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Stealth lipomers were prepared by single-step nanoprecipitation method, as follows: 25 mg drug was dissolved in 5 ml ethanol, then mixed with 20 ml acetone/PLCL solution with polymer concentration of 5 mg/ml. Lecithin/PEG mixture of weight ratio 8.5:1.5, and total weight ratio to PLCL of 15%, were dissolved in 5%w/v ethanol absolute, then heated to 65 °C for complete lipid solubilization. The prepared PLCL/drug solution was then added to the lipid solution drop wisely under gentle stirring on magnetic stirrer (Wisestir® digital hotplate magnetic stirrer MSH-30D, PMI- Labortechnik Gmbh, Germany) at 150 rpm, then vortexed vigorously (Paramix II vortex, Julabo Labortechnik Gmbh, Germany) for 3 min followed by gentle stirring for 2 h at room temperature. The solution was then washed three times using Ultra-4 centrifugal Millipore filter to remove excess organic solvent (Chen et al., 2011 ). Then 20 ml of 1%w/v polysorbate 80 solution was added drop wisely, under constant stirring for 4 h, to the condensed solvent-free lipomer suspension, to be centrifuged at 24,000 rpm (Table top cooling ultracentrifuge, Sigma 3-30KS, Sigma Laborzentrifugen GmbH, Germany) for 30 min at −4 °C, then lyophilized (Josephine et al., 2014 ) (Lyophilizer, FD-81, Eyela, Japan). Blank PEG–lipid–PLCL NPs were also prepared by the same procedure.
10
Ultrasonic Extraction of Bioactive Compounds
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The UAE was carried out using an ultrasonic device (Sonic Vibracell, model VC 750, Newtown, CT, USA), comprising a 13 mm diameter tip with amplitude, temperature and time controller. The amplitude employed was 50%. The powdered samples (5 g) were extracted with 100 mL of water into the ultrasonic device at different times and temperatures, as defined by the RSM design. After ultrasonic extraction, the extracts were filtered through Whatman n° 1 paper, centrifuged (Sigma 3-30KS, Sigma, Osterode am Harz, Germany) at 16,000× g for 10 min and frozen at –80 °C for subsequent lyophilization (Telstar, model Cryodos –80, Barcelona, Spain). Samples were stored at 4 °C until analysis. For the subsequent analyses, the final residue was dissolved in water.
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